01			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< 주어의 확인 >

508-3200

□ 주어가 될 수 있는 기본요소는 ‘명사’와 ‘대명사’

* Music is my greatest love, and it makes me easy. (명사 - 대명사)

* Robert is still sick, but he is getting better slowly. (명사 - 대명사)

508-3200

□ ‘부정사’와 ‘동명사’도 명사적 성격이 있어 주어로 사용

* To want to love is the basic emotion of man. (부정사)

* Helping others makes our mind relaxed and pleased. (동명사)

□ ‘That․Whether․의문사(Who,How,Why,When,Where...)․ 관계대명사 What’이 만드는 절은 ‘명사절’로 주어로 사용

* That she sings well makes her popular. (That절)

* How he won the game is still a mystery. (의문사절)

* What I hate most is talking too much. (What절)

* Whether she likes me or not is no concern of mine. (Whether절)

<TIP>

접속사 That이 이끄는 절이 주어가 될 때는 ‘That+주어+동사+목적어/보어’의 구조로 완전한 문장이 되어야 하며, 관계대명사 What이 이끄는 절이 주어가 될 때는 ‘What+동사+목적어/보어’ 혹은 ‘What+주어+동사’의 구조로 ‘주어나 목적어가 빠져’ What 속에 포함되어야 한다.

* That she said nothing made me angry. (That절이 주어 - 완전한 문장)

* What she said made me angry. (What절이 주어 - said의 목적어가 없음)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ [ Believe / Believing ] in yourself is a key to success.

02			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< 동사의 확인 >

□ 주어에는 반드시 동사가 이어져 ‘주어+동사’의 구조를 취해야 하며, 때로는 주어에 수식어가 붙어 ‘수식어+주어+수식어+동사’의 구조로 주어와 동사가 분리

* Computers can do a lot of things. (주어+동사)

* Students in our school love Ms. Reed. (주어+수식어+동사)

* The most important subject of all is English. (수식어+주어+수식어+동사)

□ 동사는 주어의 수에 따라 ‘is/was/doesn't+동사/has/has+과거분사/일반동사+s(3인칭단수)’형의 단수동사와 ‘are/wee/don't+동사/have/have+과거분사/일반동사의 원형’형의 복수동사 사용

* Oscar speaks English and Spanish. (단수주어+단수동사)

* Candles burn slowly. (복수주어+복수동사)

□ ‘부정사․동명사․절’이 주어일 때는 하나의 명사로 간주하며 언제나 단수동사를 사용

* To have friendly neighbors is good luck. (부정사-단수동사 is)

* Having many friends does not always make you happy. (동명사-단수동사 does)

* That he passed the four exams was a surprise to everyone. (절-단수동사 was)

<TIP>

주어에는 수식어가 붙어 ‘주어+수식어’의 구조를 취하는 경우가 많은데 이 때에도 동사의 수는 언제나 주어의 수에 따라 결정된다.

* People in the United States don't like Chinese food. (주어+수식어+동사)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ That I have many friends [ make / makes ] him jealous.

03			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< There is...와 It is... >

□ 'There is/are/was/were+주어...‘구문은 새로운 대상의 존재를 알리는 문장이며, 동사의 수는 뒤에 이어지는 주어의 수에 따라 결정

* There is a good movie on TV tonight.

* There are eleven players on a soccer team.

* There were many phone messages for me yesterday.

<TIP>

1. 'There is+주어...‘구문은 새로운 대상을 소개하는 문장이므로 주어 자리에는 언제나 ’불특적 명사‘가 와야 한다.

* There is a book on the table. (not There is the book on the table.)

2. 'There is+주어...‘구문에는 be동사 이외에도 존재를 알리거나 확인하는 자동사가 사용될 수 있다.

* There ran out a man from the building.

□ It은 ‘명사․구․절․문장’을 가리키는 ‘대명사’뿐만 아니라 ‘비인칭(시간․거리․날씨․명암 등)․가주어․가목적어․강조구문’등에 사용

* At last he found a house. ― It was a very old one. (대명사)

* It was very windy yesterday. (비인칭:날씨)

* I was afraid because it was very dark. (비인칭:명암)

* It is impossible to understand her. (가주어)

* It was too bad that she couldn't come to the party. (가주어)

* We found it difficult to finish the homework in a day. (가목적어)

* It is you that are mistaken. (강조구문=You are mistaken.)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ [ It / There ] is a lot of rain in the summer.

01~03			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장에서 주어에 해당되는 부분에 밑줄을 치세요.

1. Everything that she touched turned to gold.

2. What is new always makes me happy.

3. His criticism of the plan made her very angry.

4. Not drinking enough liquid is bad for the health.

5. To dance with the Moscow Ballet is his ambition.

6. Whether we go or not depends on the weather.

7. That she doesn't love him hurts his feelings.

8. The belief that you are always right is dangerous.

9. People who make promises too easily cannot be relied on.

10. Remaining popular in the world of pop music isn't easy.

11. Why he went abroad remains a mystery among his friends.

12. The freshness of a bright May morning gives people great pleasure.

01~03			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. All the students in my class [ like / likes ] English.

2. Being with students all the time [ tire / tires ] you out.

3. [ It / There ] is a mystery how the burglars got into my house.

4. Half of the members [ don't / doesn't ] agree to the new plan.

5. [ That / What ] all human beings want is to live long and safely.

6. One of his brothers [ live / lives ] in America for studying.

7. "[ Play / Playing ] for Liverpool is great," agreed the players.

8. [ It / There ] is a lot of milk left in the bottle.

9. [ Find / To find ] the faults of your own is quite hard.

10. [ That / What ] you throw away now may be needed in the future.

11. The reason why she likes books [ is / are ] in meeting new people.

12. Football, his favorite sport, [ has brought / having brought ] him a lot of friends.

01~03			1. 주어와 동사의 이해			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ It / There ] is no need to hurry. Take your time.

2. Some of her books [ is / are ] about women's rights.

3. To watch television every evening [ is / are ] a waste of time.

4. [ Build / Building ] good relationships with people is very important.

5. [ That / What ] she should know is that your mother is too busy.

6. [ That / What ] he made such a suggestion surprised all the friends.

7. Having many books in your home [ do / does ] not always do you good.

8. [ Speak / To speak ] ill of others behind their back is meaning thing.

9. A number of grammar books [ is / are ] too difficult for students.

10. [ It / There ] was Peter that my aunt took to London yesterday, not Lucy.

11. Two-thirds of his speech [ was / were ] about the "impolite students."

12. That he won all the prizes [ was / were ] a surprise to all fans.

04			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 자동사 >

□ ‘완전자동사’는 ‘S+V’만으로 완전한 문장을 만들 수 있으나, 실제 문장에서는 ‘언제, 어디서, 어떻게, 왜’ 등의 부사(구)를 수반하여 무한히 길어질 수 있으며, ‘live, lie, stay, stand...'등과 같은 일부 완전자동사는 언제나 부사(구)를 필요

* The sun disappeared.

* Birds fly south in winter.

* My car can go 120 kilometers per hour.

* The castle stands on the hill.

* She lay on the grass with her dog.

□ ‘불완전자동사’는 ‘S+V+C’의 구조로 주어를 보충 설명하는 보어를 필요로 하며, 보어로는 ‘명사, 형용사, 분사, 부정사’등이 사용

* She remained unmarried all her life. (=She was unmarried.)

* She turned pale at the sight of him. (=She was pale.)

* She appears a little old for her age. (=She is a little old.)

* His opinion sounds a good idea. (=His opinion is a good idea.)

<TIP>

1. 불완전자동사의 분류 : 상태․유지(be, lie, sit, stand, stay, keep, remain) / 상태의 변화(become, come, get, go, grow, fall, run, turn) / 인상․감각(appear, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste)

2. 불완전자동사의 보어는 부사적으로 옮겨지더라도 주어를 설명하는 말이므로 형용사를 써야 한다.

* You should keep quiet in the classroom. (not quietly)

3. 불완전자동사는 우리말로 수동처럼 옮겨지더라도 수동으로 사용되지 않는다.

* She looks happy with her doll. (not is looked)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ He remained [ silent / silently ] in order not to make her angry.

05			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 타동사 >

□ ‘완전타동사’는 하나의 목적어를 취하여 ‘S+V+O+(수식어구)’의 구조

* Mary has three little dogs. (명사-목적어)

* I once hoped to be a good doctor. (부정사-목적어)

* They don't agree that she is pretty. (절-목적어)

<TIP>

목적어가 될 수 있는 말에는 ‘명사, 대명사, 명사구(부정사, 동명사), 명사절’ 등이 있다.

□ ‘수여동사’는 ‘S+V+IO+DO’의 구조로 ‘~에게 ...를’의 의미를 나타내거나, ‘S+V+DO+전치사+IO’의 구조로 완전타동사 구문으로 전환

* Father gave me a nice present. (=Father gave a nice present to me.)

* She made me a pretty Christmas card. (=She made a pretty Christmas card for me.)

* The lady asked me several questions. ( The lady asked several questions of me.)

□ ‘불완전타동사’는 목적어와 함께 목적어를 보충 설명하는 목적보어를 수반하여 ‘S+V+O+OC’의 구조를 취하며 목적어와 목적보어는 ‘S+V’의 관계

* We named our son Ben. (=Our son is Ben.)

* His joke always made his friends merry. (=His friends were merry.)

* I like my students to be quiet. (=My students are quiet.)

<TIP>

1. 목적보어로 사용되는 말은 비록 부사적으로 옮겨지더라도 목적어(명사)를 보충 설명하므로 형용사여야 한다.

2. 목적보어가 될 수 있는 말에는 ‘명사, 형용사, 분사, 부정사, 원형부정사’등이 있다.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ We did our part by our rooms [ neat / neatly ].

06			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< marry, explain, propose >

□ marry와 같은 동사는 우리말과는 달리 전치사 없이 바로 목적어를 수반하여 ‘S+V+O’의 구조

⇒ answer, address, attend, discuss, enter, marry, mention, reach, resemble 등

* I want to marry a doctor. (not marry with)

* She would not attend his wedding. (not attend on)

<TIP>

attend on(돌보다), attend to(주의하다), enter into(시작하다)와 같이 의미가 달라지는 경우는 자동사로 전치사와 결합되어 사용된다.

□ explain과 같은 동사는 우리말의 ‘~에게’에 해당하는 부분을 ‘to+목적격’으로 표현

⇒ announce, describe, explain, introduce, suggest 등

* She explained her conduct to me. (not explained me her conduct)

* Let me introduce my mother to you. (not introduce you my mother)

□ ‘제안․주장․명령․요구’등을 나타내는 동사의 종속절에는 인칭이나 시제에 상관없이 ‘(should)+동사원형’을 사용하여 ‘당위적 의무’를 표현.

⇒ 제안(propose, suggest) / 주장(insist) / 요구(ask, request, demand) / 명령(order, command) / 권고(recommend) 등

* I proposed that we (should) admit all applicants.

* He requested that the meeting (should) be canceled.

<TIP>

‘insist와 suggest’는 종속절이 ‘사실적 의미’를 나타낼 때는 인칭과 시제에 따라 동사의 형태가 달라진다.

* He insisted that she didn't smoke.

* His words suggest that he loves her.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I have some important problem to [ discuss / discuss about ] with you.

07			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< rise․raise, lie․lay, sit․seat >

□ ‘rise’는 자동사로 목적어와 수동이 없으며, ‘rise-rose-risen’으로 활용. 반면 ‘raise’는 타동사로 목적어를 취하거나 ‘be raised’의 형태로 수동으로 사용되며, ‘raise-raised-raised’로 활용

* I rose quickly from my seat. (rise+수식어)

* He raised the heavy loads easily. (raise+목적어)

* An Income tax was raised by 30 percent. (raise의 수동)

□ ‘lie’는 ‘눕다, 놓여져 있다’는 의미로 사용되는 자동사로 목적어와 수동이 없으며, ‘lie-lay-lain’으로 활용. 반면 ‘lay’는 ‘~을 놓다’는 의미로 사용되는 타동사로 목적어를 취하거나 수동으로 사용되며, ‘lay-laid-laid’로 활용

* Snow lay thick on the fields. (lie의 과거)

* Please lay these papers on my table. (lay+목적어)

* Some toys were laid around the living room. (lay의 수동)

□ ‘sit’는 자동사로 목적어와 수동이 없으며, ‘sit-sat-sat’으로 활용. 반면 ‘seat’는 ‘~를 자리에 앉히다’는 의미의 타동사로 목적어를 취하거나 수동으로 사용되며, ‘seat-seated-seated’로 활용

* He sat on knees before me. (sit의 과거)

* Please seat yourself on this chair. (seat+목적어)

* He was seated on his own books. (seat의 수동)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ His son [ lay / laid ] motionless on the ground.

08			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 지각동사와 사역동사 >

□ 지각동사는 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 ‘능동’이면 ‘S+V+O+동사원형/현재분사’의 구조를, 목적어와 목적보어의 관계가 수동이면 ‘S+V+O+과거분사’의 구조를 취함

⇒ see, watch, look at, observe, notice, hear, listen to, feel 등

* I saw Harry steal my book. (=Harry steals my book-능동)

* I heard her playing the violin. (=She was playing the violin-능동,진행)

* I felt myself praised when I heard his remark. (=I was praised-수동)

<TIP>

지각동사의 목적보어로 현재분사를 사용할 때는 동사원형보다 진행의 의미가 강할 때이다.

□ 사역동사는 ‘S+V+O+OC’의 구조를 취하며, 각 사역동사의 특성과 ‘목적어와 목적보어의 관계’에 따라 ‘동사원형․to부정사․현재분사․과거분사’를 목적보어로 취함

⇒ let, make, have 등

* Don't let the fire go out. (=the fire goes out-능동)

* I will make her study harder. (=she studies harder-능동)

* I couldn't make myself heard because of the noise. (=my words were heard-수동)

* I must have my watch repaired. (=my watch is repaired-수동)

<TIP>

1. help는 준사역동사로서 ‘동사원형 또는 to부정사’ 둘 다 목적보어로 취할 수 있다.

* Please help us (to) serve you better.

2. get은 사역의 뜻을 가지고 있으나 목적보어로 to부정사를 취한다.

* I couldn't get her to change her mind.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I made him [ apologize / to apologize ] to her for his rudeness.

04~08			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ Rise / Raise ] your hand if you have a question.

2. She found the young man very [ affectionate / affectionately ].

3. I heard someone [ knock / knocked ] on our front door late last night.

4. I had him [ carry / carried ] the baggage to your office.

5. I am going to [ lie / lay ] the baby on the sofa.

6. Do you know that he [ married / married to ] a former student?

7. Johnnie [ explained / explained to ] me why she was late.

8. I couldn't make myself [ understand / understood ] in English.

9. He insisted that he [ meet / met ] her and handed the letter.

10. What beautiful flowers! They smell [ nice / nicely ], too.

11. I was shocked to see my friend [ arrest / arrested ] by the police.

12. The rules requires that all the students [ not color / don't color ] their hair.

04~08			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. My watch stopped working; I must have it [ repaired / to repair ] soon.

2. When I told the story, I noticed her [ smelling / to smell ].

3. That [ sounds / is sounded ] great! Let's go there now.

4. We are going to get someone [ play / to play ] the guitar.

5. She appears [ happy / happily ] to have seen her old friends.

6. They [ suggested / suggested to ] me that we go all together.

7. The teacher's joke made all the students [ laugh / to laugh ].

8. When I was crossing the street. I had my hat [ blow / blown ] away.

9. Please [ seat / be seated ] until the train stops completely.

10. The government ordered that the price of rice [ be / was ] raised.

11. When he [ entered / entered into ] the stadium, all the fans stood up.

12. After a long walk, Ruth [ lay / laid ] herself down on the grass.

04~08			2. 동사의 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I could hear a cat [ scratching / to scratch ] at the window.

2. The smoke [ rose / raised ] from the chimney.

3. Michael really [ resembles / resembles with ] her mother.

4. The evidence suggested that he [ be / had been ] there then.

5. My mother never lived to see my works [ exhibiting / exhibited ] in public.

6. We should [ apologize / apologize to ] her for the inconvenience.

7. I can't have you [ speak / to speak ] like that about your father.

8. I will have my doctor [ examine / examined ] my eyes.

9. The girl, [ seating / seated ] at the end of the table, was all smiles.

10. To them, foreign cultures seemed somewhat [ elegant / elegantly ].

11. The book [ lay / laid ] on the floor where he had thrown it.

12. Mary's school lets the students [ carry / to carry ] mobile phones.

09			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 조동사 (1) >

□ 조동사는 뒤에 ‘동사원형’이 오고, 인칭변화를 하지 않으며, 부정문은 바로 뒤에 not을 붙임

* She can speak English well. (not can speaks or cans)

* She cannot speak English well. (not can speak not)

□ ‘can’은 ‘능력/허락/가능성/의문/강한 부정’ 등을, ‘could’는 ‘can의 과거형/정중함/추측/가정’을 나타냄

* He can lift the heavy box with one hand. (능력)

* He cannot be a gentleman to say so. (강한 부정)

□ ‘may’는 ‘허락/추측/가능성/기원’ 등을, ‘might’는 ‘may의 과거형/완곡함/추측/가정’을 나타냄

* May I put the TV on? ― Yes, you may. (허락)

* Teachers may sometimes make mistakes. (가능성)

□ ‘must’는 ‘당위적 의무/확실한 추측’ 등을 나타내며, ‘have to’로  대신할 수 있는데 시제를 나타낼 때는 ‘had to(과거)’, ‘will have to(미래)’를 사용

* You must come back here before 8 o'clock tomorrow. (당위적 의무)

* You must be Anna's sister ― you look just like her. (확실한 추측)

* Edna isn't in her office. She had to go home. (must의 과거)

<TIP>

‘must not’은 ‘금지’를 뜻하며, ‘don't have to’는 ‘need not’을 뜻한다.

* You must not tell George.

* You don't have to tell George.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Mary [ must / cannot ] have a problem ― she keeps crying.

10			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 조동사 (2) >

□ ‘should’는 ‘shall의 과거형/의무/당연/추측/주관적 판단’ 등을 나타내며, 특히 의무나 당연을 나타낼 때는 ‘ought to’를 사용

* Everybody should wear car seat belts. (의무)

* He should be at the library by now. (추측)

* It's surprising that we should meet here. (주관적 판단)

□ ‘will’은 ‘단순미래/의지/추측/주어의 습성/현재의 습관적 동작’ 등을 나타내며, ‘would’는 ‘will의 과거형/추측/과거의 습관적 동작/소망/고집’ 등을 나타냄

* I will have my own way. (의지)

* Oil will float on water. (주어의 습성)

* He would not tell us where he got the money. (고집)

* She would often sit for hours doing nothing. (과거의 습관적 동작)

□ ‘used to’는 ‘과거의 지속적 동작이나 상태’를 나타내며, ‘지금은 그렇지 않다’는 의미를 포함

* I used to be afraid of dogs. (과거의 동작)

* He used to wear a moustache. (과거의 상태)

<TIP>

‘be used to ~ing’는 ‘~에 익숙하다’는 의미를, ‘be used to do’는 ‘~하는데 이용되다’는 의미로 사용된다.

* I am used to walking.

* This machine is used to take a copy.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ On Sundays when I was a child we [ would / should ] go fishing.

11			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 조동사+have+과거분사 >

□ ‘may have+과거분사’는 ‘~이었을지도 모른다’는 의미로 과거사실에 대한 불확실한 추측

* You were stupid to try climbing up there. You may have killed yourself

□ ‘must have+과거분사’는 ‘~이었음에 틀림없다’는 의미로 과거사실에 대한 확실한 추측

* Peter isn't in the classroom. He must have gone home.

□ ‘cannot have+과거분사’는 ‘~이었을 리가 없다’는 의미로 과거사실에 대한 부정적 추측

* Today's Sunday. Edna can't have gone to school.

□ ‘should(ought to) have+과거분사’는 ‘~을 했어야 했는데(실제로는 하지 않았음)’의 의미로, ‘should not(ought not to) have+과거분사’는 ‘~을 하지 말았어야 했는데(실제로는 했음)’의 의미로 과거사실에 대한 유감

* Ten o'clock; she should have arrived here by now.

* You shouldn't have called her a fool―it really upset her.

* I ought to have received the letter by now.

<TIP>

1. ‘need not have+과거분사’는 ‘할 필요가 없었는데 실제로 했음’을 나타낸다.

* You need not have met my teacher.

2. ‘could/would/might have+과거분사’는 ‘과거사실에 대한 추측’이나 ‘가정법 과거완료’의 주절로 ‘과거사실에 대한 반대’의 의미를 나타낸다.

* What was that noise? It might have been a cat. (과거사실에 대한 추측)

* I could have won the race if I hadn't fallen. (가정법 과거완료)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I [ must / should ] have phoned Tom this morning, but I forgot.

09~11			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 빈칸에 알맞은 조동사를 쓰세요.

1. ____________ it be true that he died in hospital?

2. He looks very young. He ____________ be over forty.

3. She ____________ always dress up when she was expecting visitors.

4. It's a pity that Sora ____________ be in such poor health.

5. He tried to get his dog to eat something, but it ____________ not eat anything.

6. There ____________ be a public library right here.

7. She ____________ have done such a terrible thing. She's a good girl.

8. He ____________ have been sick in bed yesterday. He didn't answer he phone.

9. Everything was very wet this morning. It ____________ have rained last night.

10. He ____________ have asked me before he took my bike. I'm annoyed.

11. This soup is too salty. You ____________ send it back.

12. "I wonder why he's late." "Well, he ____________ have missed the train."

09~11			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I used to [ like / liking ] going to pop concerts when I was a teenager.

2. We [ need not / don't need ] to buy the return ticket.

3. You've just had lunch. You [ must / cannot ] be hungry already.

4. A baby deer [ can / may ] stand as soon as it's born.

5. There [ used to / would ] be an old church at that corner.

6. You [ must / should ] not have gone out yesterday. No wonder you caught cold.

7. Don't tell him what I said. You [ can / must ] keep it a secret.

8. I [ would / should ] sometimes judge the worth of a person by his appearance.

9. I [ may / cannot ] have seen the movie, but I don't remember I have.

10. When I was a child, I [ used / was used ] to go to the seashore every summer.

11. You [ cannot / need not ] have washed those tomatoes. They've been already washed.

12. To have got a better mark, you [ must / should ] have checked your answers more thoroughly.

09~11			3. 조동사의 종류와 특성			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ Do I need / Need I ] go at once?

2. When in college, I [ would / should ] often call my aunt and say hello.

3. I [ must / should ] have met Mr. Johnson this afternoon, but I forgot.

4. Take an umbrella with you when you go out. It [ may / can't ] rain later.

5. I [ used to / was used to ] think he was clever. Now I'm not so sure.

6. It's strange that she [ would / should ] be late. She's usually on time.

7. Sora [ should / used to ] pass the exam. She's been studying very hard.

8. That restaurant [ must / cannot ] be very good. It's always empty.

9. We have enough food at home so we [ must / needn't ] go shopping today.

10. I [ may / must ] buy some new clothes; I haven't got anything to wear.

11. If you didn't bear the noise, you [ must / should ] have been sleeping at the time.

12. When he was young, he [ would / used to ] be a heavy smoker.

12			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 현재시제, 과거시제, 진행형 >

□ ‘현재시제’는 ‘현재사실․지속적인 성질이나 상태․반복적인 동작․보편적 진리’ 등을 나타낼 때 사용

* She has a good sense of humor. (지속적 성질)

* My father usually leaves for work at 8:00 a.m.. (반복적 동작)

* The early bird catches the worm. (보편적 진리)

□ ‘과거시제’는 ‘과거의 동작․과거의 상태․과거의 습관․역사적 사실’ 등을 나타냄

* Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. (과거의 동작)

* My mother always took me to see the trains. (과거의 습관)

* The Second World War ended in 1945. (역사적 사실)

□ ‘진행형’은 ‘be+~ing’의 형태로 ‘말하고 있는 순간에 진행중인 일․일시적 동작이나 상태의 계속’을 나타냄

* The water is boiling. Could you turn it off? (말하는 현재 진행중인 동작)

* I'm working part time in my mother's restaurant this month. (일시적 동작)

* He was watching television when I entered. (과거의 어느 순간에 진행중인 동작)

* I'll be living in Seoul this time next year. (당연히 되게 마련인 미래)

<TIP>

1. ‘현재시제’는 ‘장기간 반복된 동작’을 나타내지만, ‘현재진행형’은 ‘일시적 동작’을 나타낸다.

2. ‘진행형’은 ‘동작동사’에 주로 사용되며, 이미 계속의 의미를 나타내고 있는 ‘상태동사’에는 사용되지 않는다.

→ know, think, believe, seem, remember, resemble, have, lack, see, hear, belong to, consist of 등(단, 상태동사의 의미가 동작동사로 바뀌면 진행형이 가능)

* I belong to the tennis club. (상태동사-not am belonging to)

* He is having a good meal. (have가 ‘먹다’는 뜻임)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I can't use my car today because Jane [ uses / is using ] it this week.

13			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 미래 표현 >

□ ‘will+동사원형’은 ‘단순미래’나 ‘말하는 순간에 결심한 일’을 나타내며, ‘be going to’는 ‘앞으로 하려는 일에 대한 현재의 의도’나 ‘앞으로 일어나려는 일에 대한 현재의 원인이나 징후를 나타냄

* The letter will arrive in a few days. (단순미래)

* OK. I will follow your advice. (말하는 순간에 결심한 일)

* I'm going to play tennis this afternoon. (현재의 의도)

* I feel terrible. I think I am going to be sick. (현재의 원인)

□ ‘현재시제’는 미래의 일이 ‘확고한 사실’이거나 ‘정해진 시간이나 계획’을 나타낼 때 사용하며, ‘현재진행형’은 ‘이미 정해진 미래의 일을 나타낼 때 사용

* Next Christmas falls on Saturday. (확고한 사실)

* The plane arrives in Seoul at 7:30. (정해진 시간)

* My mother is taking us to the movies on Sunday. (정해진 미래)

□ ‘시간․조건의 부사절’에서는 ‘현재가 미래’를 대신

* I will leave when my mother comes back. (시간 부사절)

* If you meet her, you will like her. (조건 부사절)

<TIP>

when절이 ‘주어․목적어․보어’로 사용되거나 ‘명사를 수식하는 관계부사’로 사용될 때, 그리고 if절이 whether의 뜻으로 타동사의 목적어로 사용될 때는 미래시제를 그대로 사용한다.

* I don't know when he will come back. (when절이 목적어)

* I don't know if she will like my present. (if가 whether의 뜻으로 사용된 목적절)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I'll see you if I [ come / will come ] in New York in August.

14			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 현재완료․과거완료․미래완료 >

□ ‘현재완료’는 ‘과거에서 현재까지 계속되는 동작이나 상태’, ‘과거에서 현재까지의 기간 중의 경험’, ‘과거의 일이 지금에 끝나는 완료’, ‘과거의 일이 현재에 가져오는 결과’를 나타낼 때 사용

* They have known each other for ten years. (계속)

* He has lived in several countries so far. (경험)

* I've just read the first page of that book. (완료)

* He has gone on a trip to Hawaii. (결과)

<TIP>

‘현재완료’는 ‘과거와 현재를 이어주면서 현재에 대한 정보를 알려준다’는 측면에서 ‘과거나 분명한 현재’를 나타내는 부사(구)와는 결합될 수 없다.

* He lost his key yesterday. (과거사실) / He has lost his key. (현재완료:지금도 못 찾았음)

* It snowed last night. (not has snowed)

□ ‘과거완료’는 ‘과거 이전에서 과거까지 이어진 일’의 ‘계속․경험․완료․결과’를 나타내거나 ‘과거보다 앞서 일어난 일을 과거와 시간적으로 구분하고자 할 때’ 사용

* I went to see her. I had never met her before. (경험)

* When I got to the party, she had already gone home. (완료)

* I lost the ring that she had bought for me. (과거보다 앞서 일어난 일)

□ ‘미래완료’는 ‘미래의 어느 시점에서 끝날 일’의 ‘계속․경험․완료․결과’를 나타냄

* They will have finished dinner by 9 o'clock. (완료)

* I will have worked here for 10 years next month. (계속)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Someday [ ate / has eaten ] all my candy! The box is empty.

12~14			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Please don't make so much noise. I [ work / am working ] now.

2. An interpreter [ translates / is translating ] one language into another.

3. I [ went / have gone ] to the cinema three times last month.

4. I [ met / have met ] a lot of people in the last few days.

5. Ow! I [ cut / have cut ] my finger. It's bleeding.

6. I'll phone you when I [ get / will get ] home from work.

7. They wet out after lunch and they [ just came / have just come ] back.

8. I won't speak to her until she [ apologizes / will apologize ] to me.

9. He licked the book she [ has bought / had bought ] for him the day before.

10. Air [ consists / is consisting ] mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

11. He [ will see / will have seen ] the movie three times if he sees it again.

12. Two days ago I met a school-mate whom I [ hasn't seen / hadn't seen ] for a long time.

12~14			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ Did you see / Have you seen ] the news on television last night?

2. Water [ boils / is boiling ] at 100 degrees Celsius.

3. I want to see Margret before she [ goes / will go ] out.

4. This room [ smells / is smelling ]. Let's open the window.

5. Look at those black clouds! It [ will / is going to ] rain.

6. I'd like to play tennis tomorrow if the weather [ is / will be ] nice.

7. Look! That man [ tries / is trying ] to open the door of your car.

8. She [ will do / will have done ] that job by the end of this year.

9. Everything is going well. We [ didn't have / haven't had ] any problem so far.

10. She told me her name but I [ don't remember / am not remembering ] it now.

11. If anyone [ calls / will call ], tell him I will be back in half an hour.

12. Since 1964, there [ were / have been ] no earthquakes here.

12~14			4. 동사의 시제			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. We'll get wet if we [ go / will go ] out now.

2. Jill [ doesn't belong / isn't belonging ] to any political party.

3. I wondered where they [ have been / had been ] till then.

4. Tomorrow is the day when my sister [ marries / will marry ].

5. "Where's your key?" "I don't know. I [ lost / have lost ] it."

6. As soon as the vacation [ begins / will begin ], this beach will be very crowded.

7. I [ live / am living ] with some friends until I find a flat.

8. Jack grew a beard but now he [ shaved / has shaved ] it off.

9. I will never give up until I [ realize / will realize ] my dream.

10. When [ did you finish / have you finished ] your work?

11. Next year they [ will be / will have been ] married for 25 years.

12. We [ have known / have been knowing ] each other since we were children.

15			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 능동․수동의 의미 >

□ ‘능동’은 ‘주어+동사+목적어’의 구조로 ‘주어가 무엇을 하는가’를 표현

* She loves him.

* We can see stars at night.

□ ‘수동’은 ‘주어+be+과거분사+by+행위자’의 구조로 ‘주어에게 무엇이 일어나는가’를 표현

* He is loved by her.

* Stars can be seen at night (by us). (‘by+행위자’는 필요할 때만 사용)

* Many accidents are caused by fast driving.

□ 능동을 수동으로 전환할 때는 ‘주어+동사+목적어’→‘주어(목적어)+be+동사의 과거분사+by+목적격(주어)’의 관계가 되며, 시제를 나타낼 때는 be동사를 ‘is/are/was/were/has been /have been/is being/was being/has been being/have been being/조동사+be’ 등으로 변화

* She cleans this room every day.

→ This room is cleaned every day (by her).

* We found the keys in the parking lot.

→ The keys were found in the parking lot (by us).

<TIP>

‘자동사’는 ‘목적어’가 없는 동사이므로 수동이 없으며, ‘become(어울리다), fit(어울리다), lack(부족하다), have(가지다), hold(수용하다), resemble(닮다)’ 등의 동사는 목적어가 있기는 하지만 수동태로 쓰지 않는다.

* The sun suddenly disappeared. (not The sun was suddenly disappeared.)

* John resembles his father. (not His father is resembled by John.)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ A movie theater is a place where movies [ show / are shown ].

16			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 주의할 수동태 (1) >

□ 목적어가 두 개인 4형식 문장은 이야기되는 화제에 따라 두 가지의 수동태가 가능하며, 직접목적어가 주어로 사용될 때는 ‘주어(직접목적어)+be++과거분사+전치사+간접목적어’의 구조

* John gave Jessica some flowers.

→ Jessica was given some flowers. (간접목적어가 주어)

→ Some flowers were given to Jessica (by John). (직접목적어가 주어)

□ ‘주어+동사+목적어+목적보어’로 이루어진 5형식 문장이 수동이 되면 ‘주어(목적어)+be+과거분사+목적보어’의 구조

* They elected the girl their cheerleader.

(목적어)   (목적보어)

→ The girl was elected their cheerleader (by them). (목적보어는 변하지 않는다)

<TIP>

‘주어+사역동사/지각동사+목적어+동사원형’으로 이루어진 능동은 수동이 되면 ‘주어+be+과거분사+to부정사’의 구조가 된다.

* She made me clean my room.

→ I was made to clean my room (by her). (사역동사의 수동)

□ ‘의문문’의 수동은 평서문이라 생각하고 수동으로 바꾼 다음 ‘be+주어+과거분사?’의 구조로 바꿔 주고, 의문사가 있을 때는 의문사는 첫머리에 위치

* Did everybody enjoy the game? (Everybody enjoyed the game의 구조)

→ Was the game enjoyed by everybody?

* Who wrote this novel? (Who가 주어)

→ Who(행위자) was this novel written by? (또는 By whom was this novel written?)

* What did John see? (What이 목적어)

→ What(주어) was seen by John?

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I [ asked / was asked ] some difficult questions at the interview.

17			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 주의할 수동태 (2) >

□ ‘명령문’의 수동태는 ‘Let+목적어+be+과거분사’의 형식을 취하며, 부정명령문은 ‘Don't let+목적어+be+과거분사’ 또는 ‘Let+목적어+not be+과거분사’의 형식

* Keep the door open.    →    Let the door be opened.

* Don't touch this flower.

→ Don't let this flower be touched.

→ Let this flower not be touched.

□ 두 개 이상의 단어가 모여 이루어진 ‘동사구’는 하나의 타동사로 간주

* Everybody laughed at his costume.

→ His costume was laughed at by everybody.

* The boys looked up to John as a leader.

→ John was looked up to as a leader by the boys.

* My sister took care of our dog during our vacation.

→ Our dog was taken care of during our vacation by my sister.

□ ‘say, think, believe’ 등과 같은 동사가 ‘They say that~ ’의 구조로 that절을 목적어로 취했을 때의 수동태는 ‘It is said/thought/believed that~ ’ 또는 ‘절속의 주어 is said /thought/believed to부정사~ ’의 구조

* They say that John loves his teacher.

→ It is said that John loves his teacher.

→ John is said to love his teacher. (say와 love의 시제가 일치)

* They say that John loved his teacher.

→ It is said that John loved his teacher.

→ John is said to have loved his teacher. (say보다 loved의 시제가 앞섬)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Everyone [ say / is said ] to have a right to do what he or she likes.

15~17			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장을 능동은 수동으로, 수동은 능동으로 고치세요.

1. Open the door at once.

2. What will you use this knife for?

3. We will give you plenty of time to decide.

4. They sent for the doctor at once.

5. People say that she was a beauty in her youth.

6. The coach made them run as long as three hours.

7. He was never heard to call people names.

8. All the classmates laughed at his behavior.

9. I was kept waiting for about thirty minutes at the station by her.

10. He was washing his car at that moment.

11. The new computer system is being installed next month.

12. My office was broken into when I was on holiday by someone

15~17			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. My new computer is [ delivering / being delivered ] this afternoon.

2. It's a big company. It [ employs / is employed ] two hundred people.

3. You [ invited / were invited ] to the wedding. Why didn't you go?

4. The winner's name [ wrote / was written ] in gold letters on the cup.

5. A tree was lying across the road. It had [ blown / been blown ] down in the storm.

6. This room looks different. Have you [ cleaned / been cleaned ] it?

7. The baseball games [ called / was called ] off because of the heavy rain.

8. My umbrella has disappeared. Somebody has [ taken / been taken ] it.

9. There's somebody behind us. I think we're [ following / being followed ].

10. This house is quite old. It was [ building / built ] in 1930.

11. Look! The submit of Mt. Halla is [ covering / covered ] with snow.

12. There's no need to leave a trip. Service is [ including / included ] in the bill.

15~17			5. 능동․수동			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. The church [ situates / is situated ] on the top of the hill.

2. The ship slowly [ disappeared / was disappeared ] from view.

3. The stranger [ believed / was believed ] to be a spy.

4. Children have to be made [ bathe / to bathe ] regularly.

5. Water [ covers / is covered ] most of the Earth's surface.

6. She was [ disappointing / disappointed ] at not being invited to the party.

7. A bunch of flowers [ brought / were brought ] to her this morning.

8. Cathy [ says / is said ] to work 16 hours a day.

9. No one [ allows / is allowed ] to enter the restaurant without a tie.

10. English is [ speaking / spoken ] in this country, not French.

11. Many priceless works of art [ destroyed / were destroyed ] in the earthquake.

12. Only one of the passengers [ injured / was injured ] in the accident.

18			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< 가정법 과거․가정법 과거완료 >

□ ‘가정법 과거’는 ‘If+주어+동사의 과거형~, 주어+조동사의 과거형+동사원형...’의 형식을 이용하여 ‘사실이 아니거나 실현 불가능한 현재’를 표현

* If I were you, I would change my mind. (I am not you: 현재사실과 반대)

* If I became President, I would make my country more richer. (실현 불가능한 현재)

<TIP>

1. If절의 동사가 be동사일 때는 인칭과 수에 상관없이 were를 사용한다.

* If he were here now, he would help us.

2. ‘앞으로 일어날 가능성이 희박한 일’을 나타낼 때는 ‘If+주어+should/were to+동사원형~, 주어+조동사의 과거형+동사원형...’의 형식을 취한다.

* If it should rain, I wouldn't go. (비가 올 가능성이 희박함)

* If I were to be young again, I would be a musician. (불가능한 일)

□ ‘가정법 과거완료’는 ‘If+주어+had+과거분사~, 주어+조동사의 과거형+have+과거분사...’의 형식을 이용하여 ‘과거사실과 반대되는 가정이나 과거에 실현하지 못한 일’을 표현

* If I had known the news, I would have helped you. (과거사실과 반대)

* If I had come earlier, I could have seen her. (과거에 이루지 못한 일)

* If he had not rescued me, I might have been drowned. (과거사실과 반대)

<TIP>

때로는 ‘가정법 과거’와 ‘가정법 과거완료’가 결합되어 ‘If+주어+had+과거분사~, 주어+조동사의 과거형+동사원형...’의 형식으로 ‘과거에 실현되지 못한 일이 현재까지 영향을 미침’을 나타내는 ‘혼합가정법’이 사용되기도 한다.

* If I had married her then, I would be happy now. (과거사실과 현재사실의 결합)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ If I [ were / had been ] in your place, I wouldn't have rejected her offer.

19			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< I wish․as if >

□ ‘I wish+가정법 과거(과거동사)’는 ‘현재 이룰 수 없는 소망에 대한 유감’을 표현

* I wish I were better looking.

(= I'm sorry that I'm not better looking.)

* I wish the snow could stay forever.

(= I'm sorry that the snow can't stay forever.)

□ ‘I wish+가정법 과거완료(had+과거분사)’는 ‘과거 일에 대한 유감’을 표현

* I wish you had told me beforehand.

(= I'm sorry that you didn't tell me beforehand.)

* I wish I had written down her cellphone number.

(= I'm sorry that I didn't write down her cellphone number.)

□ ‘as if(though)+가정법 과거(과거동사)’는 ‘주절의 시제와 일치할 때’ 사용하며, ‘(실제로 그렇지 않지만) 마치 ~인 것처럼’의 의미

* You talk as if you knew a lot about her.

* She talked as if she were my mother.

□ ‘as if(though)+가정법 과거완료(had+과거분사)’는 ‘주절보다 이전의 일을 가정할 때’ 사용하며, ‘(실제로 그렇지 않지만) 마치 ~였던 것처럼’의 의미

* She looks as if she had been ill.

* She talked as if she had visited New York before.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I miss the old house. I wish we [ didn't move / hadn't moved ] then.

20			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< 특수 가정법 >

□ ‘It is (high, about) time+주어+동사의 과거형(should+동사원형)’은 ‘마땅히 해야 할 일을 현재 하고 있지 않음’을 나타내며 ‘~해야 할 때이다’로 해석

* It is time I had some fun. I've worked hard today.

(=It is time I should have some fun.)

□ ‘If it were not for~ ’는 가정법 과거로 ‘~이 없다면’으로, ‘If it had not been for~ ’는 가정법 과거완료로 ‘~이 없었더라면’으로 해석하며 ‘Without 또는 But for’로 대체 가능

* If it were not for computers, modern life would be impossible.

(=Without computers~, But for computers~ )

* If it had not been for sports, my school days would have been very dull.

(=Without sports~, But for sports~ )

□ If는 명사적으로 제시될 수도 있지만, ‘부사(구), 부정사, 분사구문, 명사’로 표현 가능

* With your help, I would succeed. (=If I had your help, I would succeed.)

* I should be happy to go with you. (=I should be happy if I could go with you.)

* Seeing her at a distance, you could mistake her for teen-ager. (분사구문)

(=If you saw her at a distance, you could mistake her for teen-ager.

□ If절의 동사가 ‘were/should/had’인 경우에 If를 생략하면 ‘Were/Should/Had+주어+    (동사)’의 구조로 도치

* Should I fail this time, I would try again. (=If I should fail~ )

* Had I met her, I could have given her this present. (=If I had met~ )

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ [ Were it not for / Had it not been for ] this medicine, he would have died.

18~20			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. What would you do if you [ win / won ] a lot of money?

2. If you [ married / had married ] me. I'd give you as much freedom as you want.

3. If you [ took / had taken ] my advice then, you would be happier now.

4. If it had been rainy, the game would [ be / have been ] cancelled.

5. If she [ lived / had lived ] with me, she could watch this program with me.

6. Our team would [ win / have won ] the game if he had been our coach.

7. If he [ got / had got ] earlier, he would not have missed the train.

8. If I [ were not / had not been ] busy, I would go with you.

9. I would [ be / have been ] richer now if I had worked harder when young.

10. I could [ finish / have finished ] the work in time if you helped me.

11. We could have been in time for the game if we [ took / had taken ] a taxi.

12. What would you [ say / have said ] if you had been at the meeting?

18~20			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I wish the trains [ were / had been ] cleaner these days.

2. I wish you [ were / had been ] with me at that time.

3. He talks as if he [ saw / had seen ] the accident then.

4. I don't know many people. I wish I [ knew / had known ] more people.

5. He talks about America as if he [ were / had been ] there many times.

6. It's too cloudy. It looks as if it [ is / were ] going to rain.

7. Do you wish you [ studied / had studied ] science instead of language?

8. She looked haggard as if she [ ate / had eaten ] nothing for days.

9. I feel sick. I wish I [ did not eat / hadn't eaten ] so much cake.

10. I felt familiar with the place as if I [ were / had been ] there before.

11. How I wished you [ told / had told ] me the truth much earlier!

12. She looked pale as if she [ looked / had looked ] at a ghost on her way home.

18~20			6. 가정법			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. It's late. It's time we [ go / went ] home.

2. [ With / Without ] more patience, he could have succeeded.

3. [ Were we to / We were to ] go to the moon, what would we do?

4. [ Were it not / Had it not been ] for water, no one could live on earth.

5. It's time something [ is / were ] done about the problem.

6. [ Did I know / Had I known ] you were in hospital, I would have visited you.

7. It is time you [ live / lived ] independently of your parents.

8. I ran all the way. Otherwise, I would [ be / have been ] late.

9. [ Had he started / Did he start ] earlier, he would be here now.

10. [ You should / Should you ] need my help, let me know.

11. [ Were he / He were ] ready, we could leave right now.

12. [ Were it not / Had it not been ] for the accident, she would have arrived in time.

21			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 부정사의 기능 >

□ 부정사는 ‘명사적 기능’으로 ‘주어․목적어․보어’로 사용

* To know oneself is difficult. (주어)

* She wanted to have a vegetable garden. (목적어)

* My secret ambition is to be a pop singer. (보어)

<TIP>

to부정사가 주어인 경우는 대체로 가주어 It을 사용하는 것이 일반적이다.

* To master English is not so easy. (To부정사 주어)

→ It is not so easy to master English. (가주어-to부정사)

□ 부정사는 형용사와 같이 ‘명사+to부정사’의 구조로 명사를 수식하거나 ‘be+to부정사’의 구조로 보어로 사용되어 ‘예정․의무․가능․운명․의도’ 등을 표현

* I have no one to love me. (=no one who loves me)

* She is to get married this spring. (예정)

* You are to stay here until we return. (의무)

<TIP>

자동사에서 나온 부정사가 명사를 수식할 때는 ‘명사+to부정사+전치사’의 구조를 취한다.

* I want a chair to sit on.

□ 부정사는 ‘동사나 형용사’를 수식하는 부사와 같이 쓰여 ‘목적․원인․판단의 근거․조건․결과’ 등을 표현

* I took the subway to avoid the traffic jam. (목적)

* I am glad to have you back. (원인)

* She must be crazy to believe such nonsense. (판단의 근거)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ She is not a person [ deceive / to deceive ] others.

22			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 부정사의 의미상의 주어․시제․태 >

□ 부정사는 동사적 성격이 있어 ‘의미상의 주어’가 필요한데, 보통은 부정사 앞에 ‘for+목적격’을 붙여 나타내지만, 사람의 특성을 나타내는 형용사 뒤에는 ‘of+목적격’을 붙여 나타냄

* It's impossible for you to finish the work in time.

* The rule was for men and women to sit apart.

* It was kind of you to help the old woman.

<TIP>

1. ‘It was kind of you to help the old woman.’은 ‘You were kind to help the old woman.’의 의미이며, to help는 ‘You were kind’라는 판단을 내리게 하는 근거로 ‘~하다니’로 옮긴다.

2. 부정사의 의미상의 주어가 문장 주어나 목적어와 같거나, 일반인일 때는 밝히지 않는다.

□ 부정사는 동사의 성격이 있어 ‘시제’가 필요한데, ‘본동사와 동일한 때나 미래’를 나타낼 때는 ‘to+동사원형’으로, ‘본동사보다 이전의 때’를 나타낼 때는 ‘to have+과거분사’로 표현

* She seems to be happy now.

(=It seems that she is happy. - 본동사와 동일한 때)

* We all hope to pass the entrance exam.

(=We all hope that we will pass. - 본동사보다 미래의 일)

* I'm happy to have had this talk with you.

(=I'm happy that I had this talk. - 본동사보다 이전의 때)

□ 부정사는 동사의 성격이 있어 ‘능동과 수동’이 필요한데, ‘능동’은 ‘to do 또는 to have done’의 형식으로, ‘수동’은 ‘to be+과거분사 또는 to have been+과거분사’의 형식으로 표현

* I need some more books to read. (능동-I read some more books.)

* Women like to be admired. (수동-Women are admired.)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ My teacher told the classroom to [ clean / be cleaned ] by noon.

23			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 원형부정사․대부정사․부정사의 부정 >

□ 부정사 중 to없이 동사원형만 사용되는 것을 ‘원형부정사’라 하며 조동사 뒤, 지각동사와 사역동사의 목적보어로 사용

* You cannot buy happiness with money. (조동사 뒤)

* She lets her children stay up very late. (사역동사의 목적보어)

* Did you feel the earth move? (지각동사의 목적보어)

<TIP>

‘had better, would rather, cannot but, do nothing but' 뒤에는 관용적으로 원형부정사가 사용된다.

* She cannot but accept his proposal.

□ 대부정사란 부정사가 반복될 때 반복되는 부정사를 생략하여 ‘to’만 남기는 경우

* Don't go unless you want to (go).

* She opened the window, though I told her not to (open the window).

* I'd like to come, but I don't have time to (come).

□ 부정사를 부정할 때는 ‘not to부정사’의 구조로 부정사 앞에 부정어를 붙여 표현

* Try not to be late.

* Be careful not to wake the children.

* You were lucky not to be killed.

* You were silly not to have locked your car.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I had better not [ go / to go ]. I've got a stomachache.

21~23			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 이탤릭체 부분의 부정사의 용법을 쓰세요.

1. You have to be over 18 to see this film.

2. If you're to win, you must build up your strength.

3. Please bring me something to open this lid with.

4. I went all the way to see him only to find him absent.

5. What a fool I am to have refused the request!

6. To look at her, you'd never guess she has five children.

7. Thomas promised me to come here as early as possible.

8. It is not easy to write plays for television.

9. She was angry to find that her son still had not been home.

10. All you have to do is to concentrate what you are doing.

11. The desire to live a happy life is common to many people.

12. I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.

21~23			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. It is natural [ of / for ] babies to cry when they are hungry.

2. He is said to [ be / have been ] a very popular actor when he was young.

3. He was taken to the hospital to [ treat / be treated ] for his illness.

4. He was believed to [ be / have been ] in that hospital before.

5. This pills are to [ take / be taken ] three times a day after meals.

6. He could not but [ admit / to admit ] to his teacher that he was wrong.

7. She is said to [ study / have studied ] in America for a long time.

8. It was very thoughtful [ of / for ] her to invite the local children.

9. I have no money to [ buy a new car / buy a new car with ].

10. He ordered the book to [ bring / be brought ] to him at once.

11. My mother made me [ take / to take ] care of my younger brother.

12. I asked for the parcel to [ send / be sent ] to my home address.

21~23			7. 부정사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I think you'd better [ take / to take ] a rest; you look ill.

2. No great books are to [ see / be seen ] in this museum.

3. She appears to have enough money to [ live / live on ].

4. I asked for the children to [ have / be had ] extra milk.

5. The victim is thought to [ take / have taken ] a lot of poison by mistake.

6. It is heartless [ of / for ] him to say such a thing to the sick man.

7. He is said to [ lose / have lost ] a lot of money last year.

8. Everybody spoke very quietly [ to not / not to ] wake the baby.

9. The guide is using a microphone [ of / for ] us to hear her better.

10. I think we should let Sylvia [ go / to go ] camping with her boyfriend.

11. The boy opened the window, though his mother told [ not / not to ].

12. I am sorry to [ keep / have kept ] you waiting for my reply so long.

24			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< 동명사의 기능 >

□ 동명사는 동사적 성격이 있어 동사와 마찬가지로 ‘목적어․보어․수식어구’를 취할 수 있으며, ‘시제와 태’가 적용

* I enjoy watching baseball on television. (목적어를 취함)

* She is proud of being beautiful. (보어를 취함)

* She began reading her book in a clear voice. (수식어를 취함)

□ 동명사는 명사와 마찬가지로 ‘주어․목적어․보어’가 될 수 있음

* Lying is disgraceful vice. (주어)

* I like reading in bed. (목적어)

* She is afraid of speaking in public. (전치사의 목적어)
* Mary's job is selling flowers. (보어)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I've found a way of [ solving / solution ] the problem.

25			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< 동명사의 의미상의 주어․시제․태 >

□ 동명사의 의미상의 주어는 동명사 앞에 ‘소유격’을 붙여 나타내며, 소유격을 만들지 못하는 무생물 명사는 그대로 사용

* I don't like her going to such a place.

* What's the use of my going there?

* I have no doubt of this news being true.

□ ‘본동사와 같은 때나 미래의 일’을 나타낼 때는 ‘동사원형+ing’의 형식, ‘본동사보다 이전의 일’을 나타낼 때는 ‘having+p.p.’의 형식

* I am not ashamed of being poor.

(=I am not ashamed that I am...본동사와 일치)

* I'm thinking of visiting her tomorrow.

(=I'm thinking that I will visit...본동사보다 미래)

* I'm sorry for not having written to you sooner.

(=I'm sorry that I did not write....본동사보다 이전의 일

□ 능동은 ‘동사원형+ing 혹은 having+p.p.’로, 수동은 ‘being+p.p. 혹은 having been+p,p.’로 나타냄

* I like taking a shower before going to bed. (=I take a shower :능동)

* I don't like being treated like a child. (=I am treated like a child :수동)

* The boy admitted having been built. (=The boy had been hit :완료형 수동)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Children hate [ scolding / being scolded ] in public.

26			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< V + to부정사 / V + 동명사 >

□ ‘forget․remember․regret+to부정사’는 ‘앞으로 할 일’을 나타내며, ‘forget․remember․regret+동명사’는 ‘이미 한 일’을 나타냄

* I forgot to invite her.	/	* I remember seeing her.

* I regret to tell this sad news.	/	* I regret being idle.

<TIP>

‘stop+동명사’는 ‘~하는 것을 멈추다’는 의미이며, ‘stop+to부정사’는 ‘~하기 위해 멈추다’는 의미이다.

* He stopped talking with me.     /    * He stopped to talk with me.

□ ‘try+to부정사’는 ‘~하려고 노력하다’는 의미이며, ‘try+동명사’는 ‘시험삼아 한 번 ~을 해보다’는 의미

* I tried to talk to her, but I couldn't.

* I tried talking to her, but she pretended not to hear me.

□ ‘need․want․deserve+to부정사’는 ‘능동’의 의미이며, ‘need․want․deserve+동명사’는 ‘수동’의 의미

* You need to study harder. (능동)

* My computer needs repairing. (수동)

* The car wants washing. (수동)

<TIP>

1. to부정사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 : want, wish, hope, choose, ask, mean, agree, fail, promise, expect, manage, decide, need, pretend, learn...

2. 동명사를 목적어로 취하는 동사 : enjoy, finish, mind, give up, put off, postpone, avoid, escape, deny, admit, consider, miss, practice...

3. look forward to, be used to, object to, be opposed to, in addition to + 동명사

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I still remember [ to have / having ] a good time in London.

24~26			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장을 동명사는 절로, 절은 동명사로 다시 쓰세요.

1. He insisted that he should pay the bill.

2. He is sure that he will pass the entrance exam.

3. She is proud that she got high scores on exams.

4. She was ashamed that she had worn such old clothes.

5. He was afraid that his friends might discover his faults.

6. He was not aware that she had been a famous actress.

7. Do you think there is any possibility of its raining?

8. The coach was sure of his team winning the game.

9. His wife complains of the kitchen being too small.

10. He was afraid of being criticized by his supporters.

11. I was shocked at her becoming a nun.

12. All present insisted on my making a speech.

24~26			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. We will avoid [ to visit / visiting ] the patient after 8 p.m..

2. He narrowly escaped [ running / being run ] over by car.

3. I never see this photo without [ reminding / being reminded ] of my happy days.

4. I look forward to [ see / seeing ] you at Christmas.

5. I remember [ to play /playing ] in that garden when we were young.

6. The fishing net they were using needed [ to mend / mending ].

7. [ Work / Working ] 12 hours a day is too much for anybody.

8. I am ashamed of [ she / her ] having done such a thing.

9. I don't approve of a young girl like her [ joins / joining ] our club.

10. [ Writing / Writing of ] letters is a god exercise in composition.

11. When you see him next, don't forget [ to give / giving ] him my message.

12. I am not ashamed of [ loving / having loved ] her in my youth.

24~26			8. 동명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Would you mind [ trading / to trade ] seats with me?

2. All of us objected to John [ marry / marrying ] her.

3. His father was strongly against [ she / her ] going abroad alone.

4. He regretted [ idling / to idle ] his action when young.

5. Have you already forgotten [ to email / emailing ] her a couple of days ago?

6. The boy is a bit unwell and needs [ to look / looking ] after.

7. His behavior at his office resulted in his [ dismissing / being dismissed ].

8. The thing you have to get used to here is [ staring / being stared ] at.

9. He was sorry for not [ being / having been ] diligent when in college.

10. Some people are not used to [ live / living ] in a foreign country.

11. He stopped [ to smoke / smoking ] for the improvement of his health.

12. The driver tried [ to stop / stopping ] in time, but he couldn't avoid hitting the man.

27			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 분사의 용법 >

□ 분사는 ‘동사원형+ing’로 만들어진 현재분사와 ‘동사원형+ed’로 만들어진 과거분사가 있으며, 현재분사는 ‘진행과 능동’의 의미를, 과거분사는 ‘완료와 수동’의 의미를 나타냄

* I love the noise of falling rain.

* A burnt child dreads the fire.

* There were many fallen leaves in the yard.

□ 분사는 ‘명사수식․주격보어․목적격보어’로 사용

* A rolling stone gathers no moss. (명사수식)

* Who's the man talking to Elizabeth? (명사수식)

* Chopin was a born pianist. (명사수식)

* I got the only ticket left. (명사수식)

* His idea seems exciting. (주격보어)

* She sat surrounded by several small children. (주격보어)

* We found her lying on the grass. (목적보어)

* His speech made us bored. (목적보어)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ She looked [ worrying / worried ] as she read the letter from him.

28			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 분사구문의 개념과 의미 >

□ 분사구문은 ‘접속사+주어+동사’로 이루어진 부사절을 분사를 이용해 간결하게 나타낸 부사구를 의미함

* Seeing me, he ran away. (=When he saw → Seeing)

* Feeling ill, she declined the invitation. (=As she felt → Feeling)

* Turning to the right, you will find the park. (=If you turn → Turning)

□ 분사구문은 ‘때․이유․조건․양보․동시동작․연속동작’ 의 의미를 나타냄

* Arriving at the station, I saw the train leave. (때)

(=When I arrived at the station)

* Not knowing what to do, she asked me for some advice. (이유)

(=As she did not know)

* Getting this medicine, you will get well soon. (조건)

(=If you get this medicine)

* Admitting it is right, I can't put it into practice. (양보)

(=Though I admit)

* Smiling brightly, she extended her hand. (동시동작)

(=As she smiled)

* A man came up to her, asking her to dance. (연속동작)

(=and he asked)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ [ He had / Having ] much to do, he felt depressed.

29			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 분사구문의 의미상의 주어․시제․태 >

□ 분사구문의 의미상의 주어가 주절의 주어와 다를 때는 분사구문 앞에 주어를 형태 변화 없이 그대로 씀

* It being rainy, we stayed at home. (It ≠ we)

* The sun having set, we started for home. (The sun ≠ we)

* The wind blowing hard, the fire spread rapidly. (The wind ≠ the fire)

<TIP>

분사구문의 주어가 주절의 주어와 다르더라도 ‘we, you, they’ 와 같은 일반인인 경우는 생략할 수 있다.

* Generally speaking, man is stronger than woman. (=If we speak generally)

□ 분사구문이 ‘주절의 동사와 같은 때’를 나타내면 ‘동사원형+ing’로, ‘주절의 동사보다 이전의 일’을 나타내면 ‘having+p.p.’

* Living next door, I seldom see her. (live=see)

* Having finished my work, I went out for a walk. (had finished > went)

□ 분사구문은 동사의 성격이 있어 ‘능동과 수동’이 필요한데, 능동이면 ‘동사원형+ing 혹은 having+p.p.’로, 수동이면 ‘Being+p.p. 혹은 Having been+p.p.’로 나타내는데, 수동인 경우는 ‘Being과 Having been’은 생략하고 과거분사만 사용

* Working out every day, she is very healthy. (=she works out - 능동)

* (Being) Left alone, the baby began to cry. (=the baby was left - 수동)

<TIP>

‘with+명사+분사’형의 구문은 명사와 분사의 관계가 능동이면 ‘현재분사’를, 수동이면 ‘과거분사’를 사용한다.

* He walked in the woods, with his dog following him. (개가 그를 따라오게 한 채 - 능동)

* He sat in thought, with his eyes closed. (눈을 감은 채 - 수동)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ [ Frightening / Frightened ] by the noise, the birds flew away.

27~29			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 각 문장을 절은 분사구문으로, 분사구문은 절로 다시 쓰세요.

1. Being tired from a long walk, I took a nap.

2. It being Sunday, the shops were closed.

3. Turning right at the T, you'll find the library on the left.

4. Seen from a distance, this building looks like a fish.

5. Not having finished her work, she couldn't go to the party.

6. The typhoon hit the city, causing great damage.

7. If you look at the sky, you will see hundred of stars.

8. As nobody had anything to say, the meeting was closed.

9. Though I admit what you say, I can't trust her.

10. As he was excited to receive the letter, he ran out of the room.

11. When he was left alone, he was absorbed in reading.

12. As it was fine, we decided to go swimming in the lake.

27~29			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I was surprised at the amount of money [ collecting / collected ].

2. He looked so [ pleased / pleasing ] when he got his birthday present.

3. John did well on the exam. He came home quite [ satisfying / satisfied ].

4. He writes well but he doesn't know much about the [ speaking / spoken ] language.

5. The firm was so [ boring / bored ] that most audience fell asleep.

6. A child is afraid of a dog [ barking / barked ] violently.

7. The bad news made all the people [ disappointing / disappointed ].

8. I hope you will always remain so [ charming / charmed ].

9. A bag [ containing / contained ] some papers was left on the table.

10. I find what you've just said is very [ encouraging / encouraged ].

11. No one wants to get on a crowded train after a very long and [ tired / tiring ] day.

12. He is a famous pianist [ knowing / known ] all over the world.

27~29			9. 분사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ Wounding / Wounded ] in the leg, Henry could hardly walk.

2. [ Being / There being ] no bus service, I had to walk home.

3. He worked along the street, [ sung / singing ] an old Beatles' song.

4. She went to bed, [ pleasing / pleased ] with what she had done.

5. His father [ was / being ] dead, he had to give up school.

6. [ Addressing / Addressed ] to the wrong house, the letter never reached him.

7. It was a large house, [ situating / situated ] near the river.

8. All things [ considering / considered ], what he did was not all bad.

9. Properly [ using / used ], this medicine does you good.

10. [ Hearing / Having heard ] it twice, she didn't show much interest in his story.

11. [ Shocking / Shocked ] to young people, the news spread right away.

12. [ Exhausted / Exhausting ] from a day's work, he went to bed much earlier.

30			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< 관계대명사의 기능․용법․생략 >

□ 관계대명사는 앞에 나온 명사를 대신하는 ‘대명사’의 역할과 함께 절과 절을 이어주는 ‘접속사’의 역할

* I have a friend. + He likes computer games very much.

→ I have a friend who likes computer games very much.

□ 관계대명사는 뒤 문장에서 ‘주어․목적어․소유격’을 대신해서 사용

* John is a student who always studies hard. (주어 역할)

(= John is a student. He always studies hard.)

* This is the book which you want to read. (목적어 역할)

(= This is the book. You want to read it.)

* I met a girl whose hair came down to her waist. (소유격 역할)

(= I met a girl. Her hair came down to her waist.)

□ 관계대명사는 ‘명사+관계대명사’의 구조로 명사의 범위를 제한하는 ‘제한적 용법’과 ‘명사(구,절)+콤마(,)+관계대명사’의 구조로 이미 정해진 명사(구,절)에 대한 부연설명을 나타내는 ‘계속적 용법’으로 사용

* She married a man whom she met in a party. (제한적 용법)

* She married John, whom she met in a party. (계속적 용법: and she met him...)

□ 뒤 문장에서 타동사나 전치사의 목적어로 사용된 관계대명사는 생략 가능

* Thank you for the present (which) you sent me. (sent의 목적어)

* This is the room (which) I was born in. (전치사 in의 목적어)

(= This is the room in which I was born.)

<TIP>

전치사의 목적어인 관계대명사가 생략되면 전치사는 제자리에 있어야 하며, 생략되지 않으면 ‘전치사+관계대명사’의 구조로 앞으로 이동할 수 있다.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ He has two sons, both of [ them / whom ] are good and kind.

31			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< who(m)․whose․which․that․what >

□ 관계대명사 ‘who’는 선행사가 사람이며, 주어 열학을 할 때 사용하며, 관계대명사 ‘whom’은 선행사가 사람이며 목적어 역할을 할 때 사용. 관계대명사 ‘whose’는 선행사가 사람이나 사물이며 소유격을 대신할 때 사용

* I like a man who has a good sense of humor. (사람 - 주어 역할)

* John is a man whom everyone respects. (사람 - 목적어 역할)

* He has a girl-friend whose name is Ann. (사람 - 소유격 역할)

<TIP>

선행사가 사물인 경우의 소유격 관계대명사는 ‘of which’를 사용할 수 있다.

* He has a car of which the color(=whose color) is red.

□ 관계대명사 ‘which와 that’은 선행사가 사물이며 주어나 목적어 역할을 할 때 사용되며, 특히 ‘that’은 선행사가 사람일 때 ‘who와 whom’을 대신해 사용

* Did you read the letter which/that came today? (사물 - 주어 역할)

* This is a play which/that my sister stars in. (사물 - 전치사의 목적어 역할)

(=This is the play in which (not in that) my sister stars.)

<TIP>

* 관계대명사 that은 which와 달리 ‘전치사+that’의 구조로 사용될 수 없다.

* 관계대명사 that은 ‘who, whom, whose, which’와 달리 계속적 용법으로 사용될 수 없다.

□ 관계대명사 ‘what’은 선행사와 관계대명사가 결합되어 ‘~하는 것 또는 ~하는 모든 것’의 의미를 나타내며, 문장 내에서 ‘주어․목적어․보어’로 사용

* What she said made me angry. (=The thing that she said - 주어 역할)

* I don't believe what you've told me. (=the thing that you've told me - 목적어 역할)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Good manners are [ that / what ] makes men different from animals.

32			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< 관계부사와 복합관계사 >

□ 관계부사는 ‘접속사와 부사’의 역할을 하는 것으로 시간(when), 장소(where), 이유(why), 방법(how)을 나타냄

* I'll never forget the day when I first met you. (시간 - when)

* This is the shop where I bought my sandals. (장소 - where)

* Do you know the reason why she doesn't like me? (이유 - why)

<TIP>

1. 방법을 나타내는 how는 the way와 결합되지 않고 둘 중 하나만 사용하거나, ‘in which’나 ‘that’을 사용한다.

* I was surprised at the way/how/in which/that she solved the problem.

2. 관계대명사는 주어나 목적을 대신하므로 이하의 절에서 주어나 목적어의 공백이 있어야 하지만, 관계부사는 부사(구)를 대신하므로 주어나 목적어는 존재하며 부사(구)의 공백만 있다.

* This is the place which I like most. (목적어의 공백)

* This is the place where we met first. (부사의 공백)

3. 관계부사 중 ‘when과 where’는 관계대명사와 마찬가지로 계속적 용법으로 사용될 수 있다.

□ 관계대명사에 ~ever를 붙인 복합관ㄱp대명사는 주어, 목적, 보어로 사용되어 ‘any+명사+that’의 의미를 나타내거나, 부사절로 사용되어 ‘~라 하더라도’의 의미를 나타내며, 관계부사에 ~ever를 붙인 복합관계부사는 ‘any time when 또는 any place where’의 의미를 나타내거나 ‘~라 하더라도’의 의미를 나타냄

* Whatever I have is at your service. (=Anything that I have - 주어)

* Whatever happens, keep quiet. (=No matter what happens - 부사절)

* Whenever I call him, he is not at home. (=No matter when I call - 언제~하더라도)

<TIP>

However는 ‘However+형용사/부사+주어+동사’의 어순으로 ‘아무리 ~라 하더라도’의 의미를 나타낸다.

* However busy she is, she practices the piano everyday.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ This is the place [ which / where ] the money was found.

30~32			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1) >

※ 다음 두 문장을 관계사를 이용하여 한 문장으로 고치세요.

1. That is the girl.   She won the race.

2. The house is for sale.   It is next to ours.

3. That's the store.   I bought my jogging shoes there.

4. The woman called the police.   Her bag was stolen.

5. Jane has sold the old car.   She was given it by her parents.

6. The girl lives next door.   He bought ring for her.

7. Her hair was growing gray, and it bothered her a great deal.

8. The thing is not money.   It is most important in life.

9. Bring me the magazines.   I have left them in the room.

10. This is an old castle.   The old king sued to live in it.

11. I am fed up with the way.   He keeps changing his mind in that way.

12. The reason was that his salary was too small.   He quit the company for it.

30~32			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 빈칸에 알맞은 관계사를 쓰세요.

1. The couple __________ live next to us have sixteen grandchildren.

2. There was little __________ we could do to help her.

3. You have only to do __________ you think is right.

4. That is the place __________ she has long wanted to visit.

5. Underline the words __________ meanings you don't know.

6. Do you know the date __________ we have to submit the first essay?

7. Buy vanilla ice cream. It's the only flavor __________ she likes.

8. The beach is the place __________ I most like to be in the summer.

9. He has been unwell, __________ may be why he lost the match.

10. She had thought a lot about __________ she was going to say.

11. The forms in __________ I had to fill were very complicated.

12. __________ rich a man may be, he will not always be happy.

30~32			10. 관계사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3) >

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. This is the castle [ which / where ] we often refer to as a symbol of our city.

2. I wished to study abroad, [ that / which ] proved to be impossible.

3. Everything depends on the way [ how / that ] you look at it.

4. She is probably the hardest student [ that / what ] I've ever taught.

5. The dragonfly is an insect of [ that / which ] we know very little.

6. Sunday is the day [ when / which ] people go to church.

7. A man should not be judged by [ that / what ] he has.

8. I tried to solve the problem, [ what / which ] I found a waste of time.

9. We went to a restaurant [ which / where ] Jane had recommended to us.

10. The dictionary is for students [ which / whose ] mother tongue is not English.

11. My home town is very different from [ what / where ] it was ten years ago.

12. We were impressed with the zeal [ which / with which ] she spoke of the plan.

33			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< 인칭대명사․지시대명사․재귀대명사․소유대명사 >

□ ‘인칭대명사’는 인칭에 따라 주격, 소유격, 목적격으로 변하며, 원명사의 수에 따라 단수와 복수의 형태로 사용

* Mike has a new bike. He bought it yesterday. (a new bike→it:목적격/단수)

* The students are in class. They are taking a test. (students→They:주격/복수)

□ ‘소유대명사’는 ‘대명사의 소유격+명사’를 대신하는 것으로 ‘mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs’가 있음

* This is your camera and that is mine.

* Paula had to drive my car to work. Hers had a flat tire.

<TIP>

소유대명사는 ‘a(n), this, that, any no, some, another+명사+of+소유대명사’의 구조로 ‘이중소유격’을 만든다.

* Alice is a good friend of mine. (not a my good friend)

□ ‘재귀대명사’는 ‘인칭대명사의 소유격 또는 목적격+self(selves)’를 붙인 것으로, 타동사나 전치사의 목적어로 사용되는 ‘재귀용법’과 주어나 목적어를 강조하는 ‘강조용법’으로 사용

* He bought himself a new car. (He=himself)

* I myself met the writer. (=I met the writer myself.-주어의 강조)

□ ‘지시대명사’인 ‘this(these)와 that(those)’은 ‘앞에 나온 내용’을 대신해 쓰이거나, ‘this(these)’는 ‘가까운 것, 뒤에 나올 내용’을 나타내며, ‘that(those)’는 ‘먼 것, 명사의 반복을 피할 때’ 사용

* To be or not to be: that is the question.

* This costs more than that.

* The climate here is like that of Korea.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Every river has the power to clean [ it / itself ].

34			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< all․each․every․both․either․neither >

□ all은 셋 이상을 가리키며, ‘단독, all+명사, all of+대명사, all of the(소유격)+복수명사’의 구조로 쓰임

* All were tired and hungry.

* All (of) the people want peace.

* All of them have studied very hard.

<TIP>

all은 단독으로 사람을 가리키면 ‘복수동사’를, 사물을 가리키면 ‘단수동사’를 쓴다.

* All I want from her is her love.

508-3200

□ each는 둘 이상을 가리키며 ‘each+단수명사, each of+the(소유격)+복수명사’의 구조로 쓰이며, every는 셋 이상을 가리키며 ‘every+단수명사’의 구조로 사용

* Each day is different.

* Each of us sees the world differently.

* Every room is being used.

* He gave us every assistance.

□ both는 ‘둘 다’의 의미로 ‘both+복수명사, both of+복수대명사, both of the(소유격)+복수명사’의 구조로 쓰이며, either는 ‘둘 중 하나’의 의미로 ‘either+단수명사, either of+복수대명사, either (of) the(소유격)+복수명사’의 구조로 쓰이며, neither는 ‘둘 다 아님’을 뜻하며 ‘neither+단수명사, neither of+복수대명사, neither of the(소유격)+복수명사’의 구조로 쓰임

* Both of these oranges are bad.

* Mary sends both of you her love.

* There are roses on either side of the door.

* I don't like either of my English teachers.

* Neither day is possible.

* Neither of my brothers can sing.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ The street was crowded with lots of people on [ both / either ] side.

35			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< one․another․other >

□ one은 ‘불특정 명사(a+명사)’를 가리키며 ‘단독(단수), 수식어+one's’의 구조로 사용

* I've lost my bag and I must buy one. (=a bag)

* I'd like a cake. A big one with lots of cream. (=a big cake)

<TIP>

it은 ‘특정 명사(the+명사)’를 가리킨다.

* I've lost my bag and I must find it. (=the bag)

□ another는 ‘an+other’로 셋 이상 중 ‘불특정한 또 다른 하나’를 가리키며 ‘단독 또는 another+단수명사’의 구조로 쓰이며, other는 ‘다른(사람, 것)’의 의미로 ‘the other, the others, others, other+명사’의 구조로 쓰임

* I don't like this hat. Show me another.

* These are too small. Have you got any others?

* Ruth is here, but the other girls are out.

□ one, another, other와 관련된 주의할 표현

A. 2개일 경우: One, the other

* I have two computers. One is a desktop and the other is a notebook.

B. 3개일 경우: One, another, the other

* He has three friends. One is from Seoul, another from Daegu, and the other from Busan.

C. 3개 이상일 경우: One(Some), the others

* Some of the boys are here, but where are the others?

D. 막연히 여러 개일 경우: Some, others

* Some people said yes and others said no.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ He has two cars. One is for him and [ another / the other ] for his wife.

33~35			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. My view about politics differed widely from [ his / him ].

2. I need a car, but I cannot afford to buy [ it / one ].

3. I don't want you pay for me. I'll pay for [ me / myself ].

4. We went on holiday with some friends of [ us / ours ].

5. The population of China is much larger than [ this / that ] of Korea.

6. The country is clearly on a path to modernizing [ it / itself ].

7. These glasses are too expensive. Show me cheaper [ ones / them], please.

8. One of her three brothers is a doctor, and [ others / the others ] teachers.

9. There were no objections on the part of [ these / those ] who were present.

10. I have two brothers; one is in Seoul and [ another / the other ] in London.

11. "What day is it today ― the 18th or the 19th?" "[ Either / Neither ]. It's the 20th."

12. Tickets were so expensive that we couldn't afford [ it / them ].

33~35			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. If you want more to eat, help [ you / yourself ].

2. Your watch looks pretty. I'd really like a watch like [ you/ yours ].

3. The eagles' nest is large enough for two adults and [ its / their ] youngs.

4. He had an argument with [ a his neighbor / a neighbor of his ].

5. The news written by Mary is famous for [ its / their ] accuracy.

6. If your ID card is lost, you must get [ another / the other ].

7. We keep two dogs; one is white and [ another / the other ] black.

8. In a football match [ each / every ] team has 11 players.

9. I gave my brother a CD but he has already lost [ it / one ].

10. Tails of mammoth were shorter than [ these / those ] of modern elephants.

11. I couldn't decide which of the two shirts to buy because I liked [ both / either ].

12. Elephants often pour the water all over [ them / themselves ] with their trunk.

33~35			11. 대명사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I don't like this shirt. Please show me [ another / the other ].

2. There were many policemen on [ both / either ] sides of the street.

3. It was a good idea of [ you / yours ] to go swimming this afternoon.

4. George cut [ him / himself ] while he was shaving this morning.

5. There were four books on the table. [ Either / Every ] book was a different color.

6. Their customs are quite different from [ these / those ] of our country.

7. Some say the food is delicious, and [ others / the others ] not.

8. You can't have [ both / either ] of these books ― not this, nor that one.

9. It might rain. I'll take an umbrella with [ me / myself ].

10. My computer is out of fashion, so I want to buy a new [ it / one ].

11. I can bring only two of these four bags. Please bring [ others / the others ].

12. "Do you want tea or coffee?" "[ Either / Neither ]. I really don't mind."

36			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 형용사 >

□ 형용사는 명사 앞에서 명사를 수식. 그러나 ‘형용사가 수식어를 동반할 때’나 ‘-thing, -body, -one’ 등으로 끝나는 명사를 수식할 때는 뒤에서 수식

* Thank you for your helpful advice.

* He lost his bag full of important papers.

* There is something strange about the man.

<TIP>

다음의 형용사는 명사 앞에서 명사를 수식하는 역할을 한다.

elder upper inner outer // drunken wooden fallen // chief lone main mere only …

□ 형용사는 ‘주격보어’나 ‘목적격보어’로 사용되어 주어나 목적어를 보충 설명

* The fish is still alive. (주격 보어)

* Your friend seems very nice. (주격 보어)

* He polished my car clean and bright. (목적격 보어)

<TIP>

다음의 형용사는 보어로만 사용된다.

asleep alike alive awake afraid ashamed alone glad content well …

□ 다음의 형용사는 명사를 수식할 때와 보어로 사용될 때 그 의미가 달라짐

[수식] certain(어떤)    late(죽은)    present(현재의)    ill(나쁜)    right(오른쪽의)

[보어] certain(확실한)  late(늦은)    present(참석한)    ill(아픈)    right(올바른)

* He didn't come for a certain reason.  /  He is certain to come.

* The present chairman is Mr. Smith.  / The chairman is present.

<TIP>

1. few는 수를 나타내며, few(거의 없는), a few(조금 있는), not a few(많은)로 변한다.

2. little은 양을 나타내며, little(거의 없는), a little(조금 있는), not a little(많은)로 변한다.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ He loves [ an alone / a lonely ] life in the country.

37			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 부사 >

□ 부사는 ‘동사․형용사․부사․문장전체’를 수식하는 역할

* My mother speaks English fluently. (동사 수식)

* Los Angeles is a very big city. (형용사 수식)

* Why did you come to school so early? (부사 수식)

* Fortunately nobody was injured in the accident. (문장 전체 수식)

□ 주의해야 할 부사의 위치

A. 빈도부사: 일반동사 앞, be동사․조동사 뒤에 위치

* He usually goes to school on foot.

B. 시간과 장소의 부사: 작은 단위가 큰 단위 앞

* He was born at five on the morning of May 24 in 2002.

C. 시간, 장소, 양태의 부사가 나열될 때: ‘장소+양태+시간’의 순서

* He came home safely yesterday.

D. ‘동사+부사’로 이루어진 동사구가 목적어를 취할 때: 명사는 부사 앞이나 뒤

대명사는 반드시 부사 앞

* Please turn on the television(or turn the television on).

* Please turn it on.

□ 같은 부사라도 의미가 다른 부사

late(늦게) lately(최근에)  /  hard(열심히) hardly(거의 ~않는)  /  high(높게) highly(대단히)

most(가장) mostly(주로)  /  deep(깊게) deeply(매우)  /  short(짧게) shortly(즉시)

* He came home late last night.

* I haven't seen him lately.

* I was deeply moved at the sight.

* She opened the window and breathed deep.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ The speaker will be arriving [ short / shortly ].

38			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 원급․비교급․최상급 >

□ 원급 비교는 ‘as+형용사/부사+as’의 형식으로 두 개의 정도가 같음을 나타내며, 부정형은 ‘not as(so)+형용사/부사+as’의 형식

* His hands were as cold as ice.

* She speaks English as fluently as her sister.

* He does not study as hard as his younger brother.

□ 비교급 비교는 ‘A is 비교급 than B’의 형식으로 ‘A가 B보다 정도가 더 높음’을 나타내며, ‘A is less +원급+than B’는 ‘A가 B보다 정도가 더 낮음’을 나타냄

* John is a better player than Harry.

* Health is more important than money.

* This novel is less interesting than that one.

<TIP>

1. 배수를 나타낼 때는 ‘A is 배수사+as+원급+as B’ 또는 ‘A is 배수사+비교급+than B'의 형식을 취한다.

* This plane flies three times as fast as that one. (=three times faster than that one)

2. 비교급 뒤에 ‘of the two나 이유를 나타내는 말’이 있을 때는 비교급 앞에 ‘the’를 붙인다.

* He is the taller of the two.

□ 최상급 구문은 ‘A is the+최상급+of(in)~’의 형식으로 ‘셋 이상 중에서 A가 가장 ~한’의 의미를 나타냄

* She is the best dancer of all the girls in her class.

* This is the most beautiful place I've ever visited.

* He drives (the) most carefully of us all.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ It was a difficult question. I answered it as well [ as / than ] I could.

36~38			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Rose is [ terrible / terribly ] upset about losing her bag.

2. Do you usually feel [ nervous / nervously ] before examinations?

3. Everybody at the party was [ colorful / colorfully ] dressed.

4. Don't go up that ladder. It doesn't look [ safe / safely ].

5. The [ sleeping / asleep ] children lay peacefully in their beds.

6. The people in that shop always talk [ polite / politely ] to customers.

7. The only green thing there was [ a lone / an alone ] pine tree.

8. Have you read [ anything interesting / interesting anything ] lately?

9. I wonder what the world will be [ like / alike ] in the 22nd century.

10. I can not give you a decision yet. I need [ little / a little ] time to think.

11. The weather has been very dry recently. We've had [ little / a little ] rain.

12. So [ few / a few ] people came that we couldn't hold the meeting.

36~38			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Throw this stone as [ high / highly ] as you can.

2. Those who work [ hard / hardly ] will succeed.

3. You [ can always / always can ] come and stay with us if you want to.

4. Ann is very busy today. She has [ few / little ] free time.

5. The door was [ wide / widely ] open, so I just went straight in.

6. Listen carefully! I'm going to give you [ little / a little ] advice.

7. Everyone says he is now [ enormous / enormously ] rich.

8. It's my mistake to put on my coat. I have to take [ it off / off it ].

9. The number of students who come late has [ late / lately ] been increasing.

10. We'll never catch [ them up / up them ] if you walk as slow as that.

11. We had oysters for dinner. [ Short / Shortly ] after, I began to feel ill.

12. Things are not going so well for her. She has [ few / a few ] problems.

36~38			12. 형용사․부사․비교			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. She speaks French as [ well / better ] as the rest of us.

2. She is [ prettier / more pretty ] than any other girl in the group.

3. Who is [ better / the better ] in writing a report of the two?

4. He is [ more / the most ] intelligent scholar that I have ever known.

5. It took three times as long [ as / than ] I had expected.

6. It is nicer to go with you than [ going / to go ] alone.

7. Nothing is a s refreshing [ as / than ] taking a shower after working out.

8. I could have done [ best / better ] if there had been more time.

9. This is much superior [ to / than ] that in terms of quality.

10. New York is [ larger than / the largest of ] all the cities in America.

11. No other story that I have ever heard is so shocking [ as / than ] this.

12. I'm not going out with a man [ twice as old as / as old as twice ] me.

39			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 등위접속사․that․if․whether >

□ 등위접속사 ‘and, but, or’는 ‘단어, 구, 절’을 대등하게 연결시키며, ‘and’는 ‘첨가․결과․ 단일물’을, ‘but’는 ‘대조’를, ‘or’는 ‘선택․부연․설명’을 나타냄

* I bought a pencil and an eraser.

* I'd like to travel, but I don't have time.

* The rat is in the closet or behind the table.

□ ‘명령문+and’는 ‘~해라, 그러면(=if)’의 의미를, ‘명령문+or’는 ‘~해라, 그렇지 않으면(=Unless, If~not…)’의 의미를 나타냄

* Believe in yourself, and you'll pass the exam.

(=If you believe in yourself, you'll pass the exam.)

* Get up early, or you'll be late for school.

(=If you don't get up (=Unless you get up) early, you'll be late for school.)

<TIP>

등위접속사 ‘and, but, or’는 다른 말과 결합되어 상관접속사를 만들기도 한다.

both A and B (A와 B 둘 다) / either A and B (A 혹은 B) / not A but B (A가 아니라 B)

neither A nor B (A와 B 둘 다 아닌) / not only A but also B (A뿐만 아니라 B도)

□ 접속사 ‘that’과 ‘if(whether)’는 종속절로서 문장 내에서 ‘주어, 목적어, 보어’로 사용. 단, If와 결합된 절은 ‘타동사의 목적어’로서만 사용.

* That he will succeed is certain. (주어)

* I hope that you will have a wonderful. (목적어)

* I'm not sure if(whether) I'll have time. (주어)

<TIP>

의문사가 있는 의문문이 종속절처럼 다른 문장의 일부가 될 때는 ‘의문사+주어+동사’의 어순이 되며 이를 ‘간접의문문’이라 한다. 단, 주절이 ‘do you think(believe, suppose, guess)’일 경우에는 ‘의문사+do you think+주어+동사?’의 어순이 된다.

* I don't know what her job is. (I don't know+What is her job?)

* What do you think her job is? (Do you think+What is her job?)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ It doesn't matter [ that / whether ] she admits her guilt or not.

40			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 시간․이유․조건의 접속사 >

□ 시간을 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘when(~할 때), while(~하는 동안에), as(~할 때, ~하면서), since(~한 이후로, until(~할 때까지), after(~한 후), before(~전에)’ 등

* When she goes out, she takes her dog with her.

* Strike while the iron is hot.

* My mother sings as she works.

* I have been unhappy since you went away.

<TIP>

‘~하자마자’는 의미를 나타낼 때는 ‘as soon as~, no sooner A than B, hardly(scarcely) A when(before) B’ 등을 사용한다.

□ 이유를 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘because(~때문에), since(now that)(~이므로, ~한 이상 이제)’ 등이 있으며, ‘for’는 ‘말하는 사람의 판단 근거’를 나타냄

* I didn't marry her because she was rich.

* Since you are wise, you can solve this problem.

* It's morning, for the birds are singing. (말하는 사람의 판단 근거)

□ 조건을 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘if(만약~하면), unless(만약~하지 않으면), once(일단~하면), as(so) long as(~하는 한), in case(~할 경우에)’ 등

* If you ask him, he will be glad to help you.

* Come tomorrow unless I phone. (=if I don't phone)

* Once you begin, you must not give up.

* Take these pills in case you feel sick on the boat.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ I'm playing tennis tomorrow [ if / unless ] it's raining.

41			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 양보․목적․결과의 접속사 >

□ 양보를 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘though, although, even if, even though, as(비록 ~이지만)’ 등

* Though he was angry, he listened to me patiently.

* Even if you don't like him, you can still be polite.

* Short as it is, the book is useful and interesting.

<TIP>

1. as가 양보를 나타낼 때는 ‘명사/형용사/부사+as+주어+동사’의 형식을 취한다.

2. despite는 전치사이므로 ‘despite+명사(구)’의 형태로 양보를 나타낸다.

* Despite his wealth, he was not happy.

□ 목적을 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘that, so that, in order that(~하기 위하여)’등이 있으며, 부정 목적을 나타낼 때는 ‘lest ~should…(…하지 않기 위해서)’를 사용

* Speak slowly (so/in order) that the foreigners will understand you.

* Please turn out the light so (that) I can sleep. (구어체에서는 that을 생략하기도 함)

* Take care lest you should catch cold.

□ 결과를 나타내는 종속접속사에는 ‘so+형용사/부사+that, such+명사+that(대단히 ~해서 …한), such that, so that(그래서)’ 등

* It was so dark that we could not see anything.

* She got such a nice present that she could hardly sleep.

* His talent was such that he deserved to be famous. (=so great that)

* He ran slowly, so (that) he was easily caught.

<TIP>

‘too+형용사/부사+to~’는 ‘so+형용사/부사+that~cannot…’의 의미로 결과를 나타낸다.

* We arrived too late to have dinner. (=so late that we couldn't have dinner)

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ She accepted the job [ though / despite ] the salary, which was rather low.

39~41			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Peter is [ so / too ] young to take care of a rabbit properly.

2. I wonder [ if / that ] it will snow in our town this winter.

3. [ Since / Though ] I don't agree with him, I think he is honest.

4. I decided to stop and have lunch, [ for / so that ] I was feeling hungry.

5. You will miss the bus [ unless / so that ] you walk more quickly.

6. I hid behind the curtain [ if / so that ] he could not see me.

7. The rich are not always happy, [ or / nor ] are the poor always unhappy.

8. [ Since / Unless ] he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.

9. Study harder, [ or / and ] you will fail in the exam.

10. It does not matter [ that / whether ] he will approve of this plan or not.

11. The telephone always rings [ when / unless ] you are having a bath.

12. The book says she died aged 47, [ and / but ] her actual age was 43.

39~41			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. I asked John [ if / that ] I could go home.

2. She neither said thank-you [ or / nor ] looked at me.

3. You can take my car [ as soon as / as long as ] you drive carefully.

4. Much [ as / if ] I respect your point of view, I can't agree.

5. She was [ so / such ] angry that she tore up the letter.

6. [ If / Unless ] you have no objections, I will do the work.

7. [ If / Whether ] he will help us tomorrow is doubtful.

8. I'd quite like to go out, [ though / because ] it is a bit late.

9. The fact is [ that / whether ] people are tired of those politicians.

10. I had no sooner sat down [ than / when ] the telephone rang.

11. People do not know the value of health [ when / until ] they lose it.

12. She did not answer, [ and / but ] put the book on the table and went away.

39~41			13. 접속사			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. Do that again, [ or / and ] I will hit you.

2. I always listen to the radio [ if / while ] I'm driving.

3. [ As / Unless ] I sat reading the paper, the door burst open.

4. It was [ so / such ] a warm day that I could hardly work.

5. [ Though / As soon as ] I didn't understand a word, I kept smiling.

6. I think we ought to start at six, [ while / though ] the roads are empty.

7. It matters little who finds the truth, [ because / so long as ] the truth is found.

8. You may well be praised, [ now that / even if ] you work so hard.

9. [ Though / Because ] I was ill for six months, I had to leave my job.

10. I'll be surprised [ if / unless ] Tom has an accident. He drives too fast.

11. Take a map with you [ lest / so that ] you should get lost.

12. They started the job on 17 June [ and / but ] finished a week later.

42			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 병렬구조 >

□ 등위접속사 ‘and, but, or’로 연결되는 ‘단어, 구, 절’은 ‘공통분모+A and/but/or B’의 구조로 A와 B는 동일한 요소여야 하는데 이를 ‘병렬구조’라 함

* His eyes were large and sharp. (단어-단어)

* People avoided visiting the city or passing through it. (구-구)

* Water turns into ice at 0℃ and into steam at 100℃. (구-구)

* Do you like me, or do you like him? (절-절)

□ 상관접속사 ‘both A and B, not only A but also B, either A or B, neither A nor B,  not A but B’로 연결된 A와 B 역시 동일한 문법 요소로 병렬구조를 이루어야 함

* She is not only beautiful but also humorous. (단어-단어)

* He married her not for love but for money. (구-구)

* All you have to do is either you study hard or you leave the school. (절-절)

□ ‘A is different from B, A is like(=similar to) B, A is as+형용사/부사+as B, A is 비교급+than B’ 와 같은 비교구문에서도 A와 B는 동일한 형태로 병렬구조를 이루어야 함

* His opinion is different from mine(=my opinion).

* My dream is similar to hers(=her dream).

* The fog of Seoul is not so thick as that(=the fog) of London.

* Going by subway is much faster than going by bus.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Good health lies in eating well and [ exercise / exercising ] regularly.

43			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 도치구문 >

□ 의문문은 의문사가 주어인 경우를 제외하고는 ‘V+S’로 도치가 일어나며, 감탄문은 ‘How+ 형용사/부사+S+V!’ 또는 ‘What+(형용사)+명사+S+V!’의 어순

* Do you like comic books?	* How awkwardly he walks!

* What did he say?	* What a beautiful day it is!

* Who solved the riddle?	* What a hero the player has been!

□ so(긍정)와 neither(부정)는 앞의 내용을 이어받아 ‘so+V+S(또한 ~이다)’와 ‘neither+V+S(또한 ~이 아니다)’로 도치가 일어남

* Kate can dance beautifully, and so can I.

* I was tired, and so were others.

* John can't swim. Neither can I.

* Ruth didn't turn up. Neither did Kate.

□ ‘부정 부사(구,절), 부정목적어, 보어’를 첫머리에 두어 강조할 때는 ‘부정 부사(구,절)/부정목적어/보어+be동사/조동사+주어+(본동사)’로, 일반동사인 경우는 ‘부정 부사(구,절)+do/ does/did+주어+동사’로 도치가 일어남

* Little did he realize the danger he faced. (부정 부사의 강조)

* No sooner had she seen me than she ran away. (부정 부사구의 강조)

* Happy is a man who knows contentment. (보어의 강조)

* No money did I have at that time. (부정목적어의 강조)

<TIP>

‘장소, 방향, 위치’를 나타내는 부사(구)가 첫머리에 올 때도 도치가 일어난다. 단 대명사 주어일 때는 ‘S+V’의 어순을 취한다.

* Under a tree was a strange man lying.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Never in my life [ I have seen / have I seen ] such a rude man.

44			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 강조․생략 >

□ 문장의 뜻을 강조할 때는 조동사 do(does/did)를 동사 앞에 붙임

* I do hope that you will get better soon.

* She does like dogs.

□ ‘It is …that~’을 이용하여 문장의 ‘주어, 목적어, 부사(구,절)’을 강조

* It was Tom that was elected captain. (주어의 강조)

* It is this book that I want to have. (목적어의 강조)

* It was when I was 7 that I went to England for the first time. (부사절의 강조)

* Where was it that the accident took place? (의문사 강조)

□ 의문사를 강조할 때는 의문사 뒤에 ‘도대체’라는 의미의 ‘ever, on earth, in the world' 등을 붙임

* What on earth are you doing here?

* Where in the world have you been?

□ 문장 내에서 특정 요소가 생략되는 대표적인 경우

A. 반복되는 요소는 생략

* The sun shines in the daytime and the moon (shines) at night.

B. ‘when, while, if, though’ 등이 이끄는 부사절에서 ‘주어+be동사’는 생략

* Though (I was) tired, I couldn't help studying.

C. 관용적인 표현에서 ‘주어+be동사’는 흔히 생략

* Give me a call by tomorrow, if (it is) possible.

◇ 필수예제 ◇

▶ Though [ telling / told ] to come early, he was still late.

42~44			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (1)>

※ 다음 각 문장에서 이탤릭체 부분을 어법에 맞게 고치세요.

1. She was tired of standing and to wait for hours in line.

2. It's an ill-planned, unrealistic, and wastefully project.

3. We walked round the car and looking at the wheels.

4. You must always need a quick but thoroughly response.

5. The temperature here is higher than my hometown.

6. She wants not only to be a doctor but also wants to be a famous actress.

7. I suggested taking the plane now or that we go by train tomorrow.

8. The damage done by the flood is worse than the fire.

9. Either you begin to study now or risk failing in the exam.

10. She saved money by living simply and to cut leisure expense.

11. It is not that he made a mistake but that concealing it that I regret.

12. Nowhere have I seen a sky as blue as my village.

42~44			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (2)>

※ 다음 각 문장의 괄호 안에서 어법에 맞는 표현을 고르세요.

1. [ How / What ] a beautiful hair she has!

2. Little [ I expected / did I expect ] to see him at that party.

3. My brother passed all the exams. [ So / Neither ] did my sister.

4. Not a star [ we could see / could we see ] in the sky that night.

5. [ How / What ] lucky we were to get tickets!

6. Hardly [ I had gone / had I gone ] to bed when I heard the telephone ring.

7. Smile please. Oh, [ how / what ] a perfect teeth you have!

8. Only recently [ he has learned / has he learned ] to use a computer.

9. So curious [ my brother is / is my brother ] that he wants to know everything.

10. Not until I got to the station [ I realized / did I realize ] that it was Sunday.

11. My grandchildren never visit me. Neither [ do / are ] mine.

12. Not only [ I lost / did I lose ] my money, but also I was nearly killed.

42~44			14. 특수구문			은성 영문법
			< 기본문제 (3)>

※ 다음 각 문장을 이탤릭체 부분을 강조하는 문장으로 다시 쓰세요.

1. I went there, but nobody was there.

2. Why did you go there last night?

3. We decided to return because she got sick. (It is… that~ 사용)

4. I little expected that she would propose me.

5. What do you want to talk to me about? (It is… that~ 사용)

6. Who spoke ill of me behind my back?

7. My pride did not allow me to do such a thing. (It is… that~ 사용)

8. Why did you give your dog such a name?

9. I did not understand what she really meant until then. (It is… that~ 사용)

10. Come and see me some time, will you?

11. I had no sooner got on the train than it started.

12. I don't have much contact with my family, but I see my mother.

[1. 주어와 동사의 이해 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. Everything that she touched

2. What is new

3. His criticism of the plan

4. Not drinking enough liquid

5. To dance with the Moscow Ballet

6. Whether we go or not

7. That she doesn't love him

8. The belief that you are always right

9. People who make promises to easily

10. Remaining popular in the world of pop music

11. Why he went abroad

12. The freshness of a bright May morning

<기본문제 2>

1. like

2. tires

3. It

4. don't

5. What

6. lives

7. Playing

8. There

9. To find

10. What

11. is

12. has brought

<기본문제 3>

1. There

2. are

3. is

4. Building

5. What

6. That

7. does

8. To speak

9. are

10. It

11. was

12. was

[2. 동사의 특성 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. Raise

2. affectionate

3. knock

4. carry

5. lay

6. married

7. explained to

8. understood

9. met

10. nice

11. arrested

12. not color

<기본문제 2>

1. repaired

2. smiling

3. sounds

4. to play

5. happy

6. suggested to

7. laugh

8. blown

9. be seated

10. be

11. entered

12. laid

<기본문제 3>

1. scratching

2. rose

3. resembles

4. had been

5. exhibited

6. apologize to

7. speak

8. examine

9. seated

10. elegant

11. lay

12. carry

[3. 조동사의 종류와 특성 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. Can

2. cannot

3. would

4. should

5. would

6. used to

7. cannot

8. must

9. must

10. should

11. must

12. may

<기본문제 2>

1. like

2. don't need

3. cannot

4. can

5. used to

6. should

7. must

8. would

9. may

10. used

11. need not

12. should

<기본문제 3>

1. Need I

2. would

3. should

4. may

5. used to

6. should

7. should

8. cannot

9. needn't

10. must

11. must

12. used to

[4. 동사의 시제 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. am working

2. translates

3. went

4. have met

5. have cut

6. get

7. have just come

8. apologizes

9. had bought

10. consists

11. will have seen

12. hadn't seen

<기본문제 2>

1. Did you see

2. boils

3. goes

4. smells

5. is going to

6. is

7. is trying

8. will have done

9. haven't had

10. don't remember

11. calls

12. have been

<기본문제 3>

1. go

2. doesn't belong

3. had been

4. will marry

5. have lost

6. begins

7. am living

8. has shaved

9. realize

10. did you finish

11. will have been

12. have known

[5. 능동․수동 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. Let the door be opened at once.

2. What will this knife be used for?

3. You will be given plenty of time to decide (by us). 또는 Plenty of time will be given (to) you to decide (by us).

4. The doctor was sent for at once (by them).

5. It is said that she was a beauty in her youth. 또는 She is said to have been a beauty in her youth.

6. They were made to run as long as three hours by the coach.

7. We never heard him call people names.

8. His behavior was laughed at by all the classmates.

9. She kept me waiting for about thirty minutes at the station.

10. His car was being washed at that moment by him.

11. They are installing the new computer system next month.

12. Someone broke into my office when I was on holiday.

<기본문제 2>

1. being delivered

2. employs

3. were invited

4. was written

5. been blown

6. cleaned

7. was called

8. taken

9. being followed

10. built

11. covered

12. included

<기본문제 3>

1. is situated

2. disappeared

3. was believed

4. to bathe

5. covers

6. disappointed

7. were brought

8. is said

9. is allowed

10. spoken

11. were destroyed

12. was injured

[6. 가정법 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. won

2. married

3. had taken

4. have been

5. lived

6. have won

7. had got

8. were not

9. be

10. finish

11. had taken

12. have said

<기본문제 2>

1. were

2. had been

3. had seen

4. knew

5. had been

6. is

7. had studied

8. had eaten

9. hadn't eaten

10. had been

11. had told

12. had looked

<기본문제 3>

1. went

2. With

3. Were we to

4. Were it not

5. were

6. Had I known

7. lived

8. have been

9. Had he started

10. Should you

11. Were he

12. Had it not been

[7. 부정사 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. 부사적 용법(목적)

2. 형용사적 용법

3. 형용사적 용법

4. 부사적 용법(결과)

5. 부사적 용법(판단의 근거)

6. 부사적 용법(조건)

7. 명사적 용법(목적어)

8. 명사적 용법(주어)

9. 부사적 용법(원인)

10. 명사적 용법(보어)

11. 형용사적 용법

12. 형용사적 용법

<기본문제 2>

1. for

2. have been

3. be treated

4. have been

5. be taken

6. admit

7. have studied

8. of

9. buy a new car with

10. be brought

11. take

12. be sent

<기본문제 3>

1. take

2. be seen

3. live on

4. have

5. have taken

6. of

7. have lost

8. not to

9. for

10. go

11. not to

12. have kept

[8. 동명사 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. He insisted on paying the bill.

2. He is sure of passing the entrance exam.

3. She is proud of having got high scores on exams.

4. She was ashamed of having worn such old clothes.

5. He was afraid of his friends discovering his faults.

6. He was not aware of her having been a famous actress.

7. Do you think there is any possibility that it will rain?

8. The coach was sure that his team would win the game.

9. His wife complains that the kitchen is too small.

10. He was afraid that he might be criticized by his supporters.

11. I was shocked that she became a nun.

12. All present insisted that I (should) make a speech.

<기본문제 2>

1. visiting

2. being run

3. being reminded

4. seeing

5. playing

6. mending

7. Working

8. her

9. joining

10. Writing

11. to give

12. having loved

<기본문제 3>

1. trading

2. marrying

3. her

4. idling

5. emailing

6. looking

7. being dismissed

8. being stared

9. having been

10. living

11. smoking

12. to stop

[9. 분사․분사구문 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. All I was tired

2. As it was Sunday

3. If you turn right

4. If it is seen

5. As she hadn't finished

6. and it caused

7. Looking at the sky

8. Nobody having anything to say

9. Admitting what you say

10. (Being) Excited to receive the letter

11. (Being) Left alone

12. It being fine

<기본문제 2>

1. collected

2. pleased

3. satisfied

4. spoken

5. boring

6. barking

7. disappointed

8. charming

9. containing

10. encouraging

11. tiring

12. known

<기본문제 3>

1. Wounded

2. There being

3. singing

4. pleased

5. being

6. Addressed

7. situated

8. considered

9. used

10. Having heard

11. Shocking

12. Exhausted

[10. 관계사 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. That is the girl who won the race.

2. The house which(that) is next to ours is for sale.

3. That's the store where I bought my jogging shoes.

4. The woman whose bag was stolen called the police.

5. Jane has sold the old car which(that) she was given by her parents.

6. The girl who(m) he bought a ring for lives next door.

7. He hair was growing gray, which bothered her a great deal.

8. The thing which(that) is most important in life is not money.

9. Bring me the magazines which(that) I have left in the room.

10. This is an old castle which the old king used to live in. 또는 This is an old castle in which(=where) the old king used to live.

11. I am fed up with the way(또는 how) he keeps changing his mind.

12. The reason why he quit the company was that his salary was too small.

<기본문제 2>

1. who

2. which(that)

3. what

4. which

5. whose

6. when

7. which(that)

8. where

9. which

10. what

11. which

12. However

<기본문제 3>

1. which

2. which

3. that

4. that

5. which

6. when

7. what

8. which

9. which

10. whose

11. what

12. with which

[11. 대명사 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. his

2. one

3. myself

4. ours

5. that

6. itself

7. ones

8. the others

9. those

10. the other

11. Neither

12. them

<기본문제 2>

1. yourself

2. yours

3. their

4. a neighbor of his

5. its

6. another

7. the other

8. each

9. it

10. those

11. both

12. themselves

<기본문제 3>

1. another

2. both

3. yours

4. himself

5. Every

6. those

7. others

8. either

9. me

10. one

11. the others

12. Either

[12. 형용사․부사․비교 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. terribly

2. nervous

3. colorfully

4. safe

5. sleeping

6. politely

7. a lone

8. anything interesting

9. like

10. a little

11. little

12. few

<기본문제 2>

1. high

2. hard

3. can always

4. little

5. wide

6. a little

7. enormously

8. it off

9. lately

10. them up

11. Shortly

12. a few

<기본문제 3>

1. well

2. prettier

3. the better

4. the most

5. as

6. to go

7. as

8. better

9. to

10. the largest of

11. as

12. twice as old as

[13. 접속사 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. too

2. if

3. Though

4. for

5. unless

6. so that

7. nor

8. Since

9. or

10. whether

11. when

12. but

<기본문제 2>

1. if

2. nor

3. as long as

4. as

5. so

6. If

7. Whether

8. though

9. that

10. than

11. until

12. but

<기본문제 3>

1. and

2. while

3. As

4. such

5. Though

6. while

7. so long as

8. now that

9. Because

10. unless

11. lest

12. and

[14. 특수구문 정답]

<기본문제 1>

1. waiting

2. wasteful

3. looked

4. thorough

5. that of my hometown

6. to be a famous actress

7. going

8. that of the fire

9. you risk failing

10. cutting

11. he concealed it

12. that of my village

<기본문제 2>

1. What

2. did I expect

3. So

4. could we see

5. How

6. had I gone

7. what

8. has he learned

9. is my brother

10. did I realize

11. do

12. did I lose

<기본문제 3>

1. I did go there, but nobody was there.

2. Why on earth(in the world) did you go there last night?

3. It was because she got sick that we decided to return.

4. Little did I expect that she would porpose me.

5. What is it that you want to talk to me about?

6. Who on earth(in the world) spoke ill of me behind my back?

7. It was my pride that did not allow me to do such a thing.

8. Why on earth(in the world) did you give your dog such a name?

9. It was not until then that I understood what she really meant.

10. Do come and see me some time, will you?

11. No sooner had I got on the train than it started.

12. I don't have much contact with my family, but I do see my mother.