영어Ⅰ 유형연습	유형Ⅱ : 내용 요약하기	학년	반	번호	이름
		2

※ 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A)와 (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

1. A local car wash ran a promotion featuring loyalty cards. Every time customers bought a car wash, they got a stamp on their cards, and when they filled up their cards with eight stamps, they got a free wash. Another set of customers at the same car wash needed to collect ten stamps rather than eight to get a free car wash — but they were given a "head start." When they received their cards, two stamps had already been added. The "goal" was the same for both sets of customers: Buy eight additional car washes, and get a reward. But the psychology was different: In one case, you're 20 percent of the way toward a goal, and in the other case, you're starting from scratch. A few months later, only 19 percent of the eight-stamp customers had earned a free wash, versus 34 percent of the head-start group. And the head-start group earned the free wash faster.

□

When given loyalty cards by a car wash, customers who felt they had a(n)    (A)    before they started     (B)     more often than who didn't.

(A)                     (B)

① advantage	……	achieved their goal

② advantage	……	lost their interest

③ request	……	got a response

④ companion	……	achieved their goal

⑤ companion	……	got a response

2. Archaeologists working at the mysterious Easter Island in the Pacific were puzzled by the fact that what appeared to be ancient farmland was strewn with rocks. The presence of rocks seemed to belie the explanation that these were highly productive farms feeding thousands of people. Westerners thought that the best farmland is free of rocks, stumps, and stones, making it easy to plow and harvest. But it turned out that planting rocks in a semiarid area can transform a desert or arid plain into a productive farm. The rocks warm the soil by absorbing sunlight all day and releasing its heat at night. They collect dew and create pockets of moisture underneath. The rocks also prevent dusty topsoil from eroding as quickly. Research has shown that many highly productive farms in Peru, China, New Zealand, and Israel are set up the same way.

*semiarid: 비가 매우 적은, 반건조성의

□

In some areas rocks are not a(n)     (A)    , but protective covering to          (B)         .

(A)	(B)

① resource	……	feed people

② resource	……	make agriculture impossible

③ obstacle	……	attract many tourists

④ obstacle	……	increase agricultural yield

⑤ obstacle	……	warm houses

3. Visiting the doctor for a new, undiagnosed medical problem can be daunting. Patients often struggle to describe their basic reasons for the visit in one or two sentences and the physician can’t gather the information they need from a patient. All this must be done during a medical interview which, on average, will be shorter than 10 minutes. Some people think that responding with something like, “I think I have multiple sclerosis” seems like a big time-saver. But in practice, this attitude will tend to set most doctors on edge and derail the interview. Instead, open the discussion with something like, “My arms and legs are getting really weak lately and now I can barely walk.” It really helps doctors grasp your situation and get to the conclusion faster about your disease.

*multiple sclerosis: 다발성 경화증

□

Unless you are absolutely sure, start talking to the doctor about your   (A)  , not what you think your    (B)    is.

(A)	(B)

① medical histories	……	mental situations

② talking habits	……	diagnosis

③ symptoms	……	diagnosis

④ medical histories	……	future plans

⑤ symptoms	……	mental situations

4.  The illusion of absolute uniformity is responsible for many mid-career casualties. For example, the artist who has pursued a single, cohesive theme for many years becomes attracted to different artistic forms and issues, but cannot bring himself to pursue them because the change would threaten his professional identity and puzzle his buyers and critics. Or the executive who is known for her methodical research and analytic thinking suddenly has an inspired marketing idea that cannot be substantiated by data; her intuition tells her she is right, but she is unwilling to trust her feeling. In fact, it's wise to question yourself all the time. When faced with tough decisions, accept that there may be several right answers and base your choices on issues and evidence as well as your convictions. This approach requires a certain amount of adaptability because, while your beliefs may never waver, the circumstances surrounding each decision are shifting. There is no perfect recipe for success; the moment you think there is, you'll find the ingredients have changed.

□

Instead of letting     (A)      take priority over necessity and inspiration, we need to make progress through a     (B)      approach.

(A)	(B)

① circumstances	……	intuitive

② consistency	……	flexible

③ circumstances	……	flexible

④ perfection	……	cohesive

⑤ consistency	……	cohesive

5. Competition is an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. Limited supply of at least one resource (such as food, water, and territory) used by both is required. In this respect competition both within and between species is a way of life and the struggle for life goes on almost everywhere in nature. Under these circumstances, some species are preserved, changed, and others are destroyed. Some species in structure which is of use in the struggle have an improved chance of prolonging life and kill and eat other living things. The strongest and the hardiest survive. The weak lose lives. Species which are able to adapt themselves to the climate and gain mastery over their rivals by force live longer than those which are less adaptable.

□

In the world of nature there is a ceaseless struggle for    (A)    and one wild animal preys on another, and all living things    (B)    for food, water, and shelter.

(A)                 (B)

① existence	……	compete

② existence	……	cooperate

③ authority	……	compete

④ power	……	cooperate

⑤ authority	……	exist

6. A German anthropologist conducted three experiments with adult chimps living on an island sanctuary in Uganda and two experiments with three-year-old children living in Germany. In the first of the three chimp experiments, one of the researchers struggled to reach a stick on the other side of a barred enclosure. Thirty-six chimpanzees were watching his struggles and one of them could hand him the stick. In most instances, one of the chimpanzees did precisely that. It reached out and handed the researcher the stick he was struggling to grasp. A similar trial with thirty-six human youngsters showed the same results. In another one of the experiments, chimpanzees climbed platforms and navigated hurdles in order to offer aid to a researcher. The children involved in a similar experiment did the same.

□

The adult chimpanzees and human children together are inclined to    (A)    when they see them    (B)   .

(A)                          (B)

① help strangers	……	facing distress

② imitate others’ behavior	……	helping each other

③ help youngsters	……	fighting adults

④ show their interest	……	playing with sticks

⑤ follow their leaders	……	taking the initiative

7. As soon as we develop the courage to make the difficult phone call, confront our employee or make the sacrifice, very often it becomes unnecessary. We agonize for weeks over breaking the news to our secretary that she'll need to find alternative employment and when we finally hit her with the news, she tells us that she can't wait to leave! Of course, this turn of events doesn't always occur and sometimes we have to bite the bullet! Also, we often find that once we decide to face a fear, fear evaporates. No doubt you have had the experience of performing a task that you thought would be difficult or particularly embarrassing. When you jumped in and did it, it wasn't half as bad as you anticipated. This particularly applies to telling the truth and owning up to mistakes and misdeeds. How often have you found that thinking about it was so much more painful than doing it?

□

We often      (A)      ourselves over some troubles by just thinking how hard and awful they are, without actually making a move to       (B)     them.

(A)                 (B)

① satisfy	.........	avoid

② ignore	.........	sort

③ deny	.........	face

④ avoid	.........	overcome

⑤ torture	.........	settle

8. Every member of Tom's family loves jumping out of planes. "It may be strange to some people, but it's really a nice way to spend the day together with my family," explained Tom. Tom and his son first tried skydiving together. Soon Tom's wife and their daughter joined them. On a typical weekend, the family spends hours together traveling to and from the jump site, and they might jump out of their plane four or five times. Tom's family loves their hobby, and they look forward to the chance to spend time together. Tom and his wife even renewed their wedding vows at 4,000 feet, before jumping out of the plane together.

□

(A)     interests can make it     (B)     to be around your family.

(A)	(B)

① Social	.........	meaningful

② Proper	.........	difficult

③ Special	.........	easier

④ Strange	.........	impossible

⑤ Common	.........	happier

9. The death of a spouse is bound to be a painfully emotional experience for the surviving mate. However, it appears that men have a harder time adjusting to widowhood than women do. In truth, both sexes suffer a profound sense of shock, and both must survive long periods of loneliness and painful adjustment. But statistics say that it is harder for men to handle household chores like laundry, shopping, and food preparation. They also have more difficulty maintaining the circle of friends that was once part of their married life. Often, it was the wife who kept up the couple's social network. With her death, the husband must learn a whole new set of social skills.

□

After the death of a spouse, men seem to experience more difficulty     (A)      and     (B)     than woman.

① (A) getting over loneliness

(B) giving up their social status

② (A) doing household chores

(B) giving up their social status

③ (A) getting over loneliness

(B) adjusting to social changes

④ (A) doing household chores

(B) keeping the existing relationships

⑤ (A) expressing their emotion

(B) keeping the existing relationships

10. Layoffs have always been a fact of life in the business world. Companies hire and fire people all the time. They lay off people when the company has financial difficulties, which is because of competitiveness. People usually lose their jobs when a company decides to shut down a business division. Today, however, companies also lay off people even when they are actually making a lot of money. Or sometimes they do not hire any new employees at all. Why not? The answer lies in so-called global outsourcing. In the name of competitiveness, a lot of companies move their factories to countries where they can find a cheaper but still well-educated labor force.

□

Companies look for a(n)      (A)     way of producing products in order to      (B)       .

(A)                         (B)

① less expensive	.........	stay competitive

② automated	.........	remain productive

③ money-saving	.........	manufacture in bulk

④ environment-friendly	.........	help preserve nature

⑤ energy-efficient	.........	draw more investment

11. According to William Pollack, boys don't open up easily, unlike girls. Boys try to solve their problems on their own because they think sharing their problems with others may make them look "babyish," whereas girls try to consult with their friends or parents about their problems and depend on others. Pollack further explains that when two women want to talk about something intimate, they may sit down facing each other and indulge in a conversation. Men, on the other hand, tend to converse without looking at each other. Their conversation is probably carried out while they are doing something else, like watching football or gardening.

□

Men and women show the      (A)     in their attitudes about settling matters and about     (B)     .

(A)	(B)

① reality	.........	reading

② similarities	.........	consulting

③ changes	.........	answering

④ differences	.........	communicating

⑤ flexibility	.........	conversing

12. Nature has good intentions, of course, but, as Aristotle once said, she cannot always carry them out. When I look at a landscape, I cannot help seeing all its defects: nature's lack of design, crudities, monotony and unfinished conditions. It is fortunate for us, however, that nature is so imperfect, otherwise we would have no art at all. Art is our spirited protest, our gallant attempt to teach nature her proper place. As for the infinite variety within nature, that is pure myth. Art is not to be found in nature herself. It resides in the imagination, or fancy, or cultivated blindness of the person who looks upon her.

□

The      (A)     of nature can be     (B)     by art.

(A)	(B)

① faults	.........	expressed

② faults	.........	compensated

③ originality	.........	compensated

④ attractiveness	.........	destroyed

⑤ attractiveness	.........	expressed

13. Sometimes we do a job better when we have a rival. This was proved by Triplett, a psychologist who performed many experiments in this area. In looking over speed records of bicycle racers, he noticed that better records were obtained when cyclists raced against each other than when they raced against the clock. After this observation, he performed a laboratory experiment to prove his theory. He instructed children to turn their own wheel as fast as possible for a certain period of time. Sometimes two children worked at the same time in the same room; at other times, they worked alone. The result was that children worked faster when another child doing the same thing was present, than when they worked alone.

□

Triplett's experiment     (A)     his theory: the presence of a co-actor      (B)     efficiency of performance.

(A)	(B)

① verified	.........	degrades

② contradicted	.........	impairs

③ confirmed	.........	enhances

④ rejected	.........	promotes

⑤ disproved	.........	improves

14. Researchers at a university noticed a pronounced trend in students' grades. In departments where students have fewer required courses, students received generally higher grades. At first the researchers assumed this was because those students took the easy optional classes available. Then they found those students had higher grades in both their optional and their required classes. The researchers concluded the root of this pattern was that by having more freedom to choose classes, students indeed tended to take courses they were interested in and they could do well in. But, more importantly, doing well in those optional classes actually improved their performance in all their classes because the self- confidence and positive habits they acquired through their success in the optional carried over into their required courses.

□

According to the research, students need to feel    (A)

in order to be      (B)     in their study.

(A)	(B)

① competent	.........	successful

② responsible	.........	inspired

③ comfortable	.........	independent

④ confident	.........	responsible

⑤ proud	.........	motivated

15. Researchers fed soup to 54 adult participants classified as obese. Half the participants ate out of normal bowls and half ate from soup bowls that secretly refilled themselves from a tank hidden underneath the table. Participants who ate from the refilling bowls ate an average of 73% more than those eating out of normal bowls. Despite taking in an average of 113 more calories, those who ate out of the refilling bowls reported no greater satisfaction than the other participants. Since there was still food in their bowls, they believed they were not yet full. This study gives an idea that could help people avoid overeating. Now the researchers suggest repacking bulk foods into smaller bags.

□

People use     (A)     to count calorie intake rather than

(B)     their hunger.

(A)	(B)

① remaining foods	.........	satisfying

② their stomach	.........	controlling

③ refill system	.........	concealing

④ visual cues	.........	monitoring

⑤ various bowls	.........	suppressing

16. Critics claim that low-density suburban living reduces social interactions, and makes people feel isolated from society. However, a study surveying 15,000 Americans found that the opposite is true ― that interaction is higher in the suburbs than in neighborhoods with higher population-density. Economist Jan Bruckner of the University of California, Irvine, has some theories as to why that happens. The main reason is that city dwellers are surrounded by more people so they tend to want more privacy. There are also more entertainment options available in urban areas, so people who live there are less reliant on reaching out to others to have fun.

□

Living in the suburbs is    (A)    for people's    (B)

life than city dwelling.

(A)	(B)

① better   .........   private

② worse   .........   social

③ worse   .........   private

④ better   .........   leisure

⑤ better   .........   social

17. Several researches have shown that girls typically perform better than boys in school during primary school years and into adolescence. Girls viewed their exam results and the related feedback as an opportunity to reflect on their performance, which helped them to perform better. Girls were also concerned about pleasing teachers and parents, which might explain why they want to achieve higher grades. This attitude might lead girls to suffer more mental distress as they saw their failures as a disappointment to authority figures. In contrast, boys' competitive and self-confident manner suggested that they were less concerned about feedback or pleasing adults, but were motivated by competition. Their failure in one subject was seen by them to be relevant only to that subject and thus unrelated to other subjects or matters.

□

Even though girls    (A)   boys in academic performance, their concern about feedback and desire to please adults leave them more     (B)     to mental distress.

(A)	(B)

① match	.........	tolerable

② outdo	.........	tolerable

③ outdo	.........	vulnerable

④ aid	.........	vulnerable

⑤ match	.........	sensitive

18. What kind of illness would civilized people find so terrible that they would treat the sufferers in the most terrible way and continue to do so even if the person were cured? These unfortunates were the mentally ill who have been subjected to misguided, cruel, sadistic and fear-based treatments ranging from being scorned to being burned at the stake. They have been executed as witches, subjected to exorcisms, and chained or thrown into prisons. Even in more enlightened times, people have built places for them to live away from society. In some countries they were gathered together and placed on a "ship of fools" and shipped off to uninhabited lands where they were left to live on their own.

□

Throughout human history, the mentally ill have been treated in various     (A)     ways such as being burned to death or     (B)     from society.

(A)	(B)

① inhumane	.........	banished

② ingenious	.........	discriminated

③ legitimate	.........	banished

④ inhumane	.........	protected

⑤ ingenious	.........	protected

19. Technology is becoming more and more dominant in our society. Upgrades are being made and new innovations are being discovered every day. Technology is all around us whether we want it to be or not. It can be found in our homes, the vehicles we drive, and even in the grocery store. I believe technology has also had a major impact on our school system and is still impacting it today. There are those who say the impact of technology on education has been quite small, manifesting little discernible change in the classroom. But there are only a few schools that are not as advanced as others. Most schools have a significant amount of technology in the classrooms. I find it fascinating that so much technology has been incorporated into our classrooms.

□

Today, technology is so influential and innovative that it is     (A)     everywhere in our society, and schools are also getting more     (B)     with technology.

(A)	(B)

① disappearing	.........	declined

② welcoming	.........	expanded

③ suffering	.........	organized

④ invading	.........	associated

⑤ changing	.........	accelerated

20. Recently F. E. Williams, a well-known American educator, conducted some notable research. His experiment classified children into three groups, namely: Lucky Group, Failure Group and Conforming Group. He discovered that the Lucky Group, where the children are constantly showered with encouragement from their parents, tends to grow up with self-esteem and becomes more creative than other children. On the other hand, the Failure and Conforming Groups, due to being afraid of punishment, were less creative. As a result, these groups of children grow up to be pessimistic, passive and nearly lost all creativity. The research concluded that the parents' influence on their children, regardless of the intention, determines the emotional and mental well-being of the children.

□

According to the research, the     (A)      determines whether the children will     (B)     .

(A)	(B)

① parents's attitude	.........	respect parents

② parents's attitude	.........	be creative

③ children's  potential	.........	respect parents

④ children's potential	.........	be creative

⑤ children's potential	.........	be pessimistic

21. As you grow older, your memory becomes weaker. You can do something to help you recover your missing short-term memory. One suggestion is that you go back to where you were before you forgot to do something. So, for example, if you are lost not knowing what to do in the kitchen, think of the place where you were prior to the kitchen. If you were sitting in a chair listening to music in the living room, just go back into the living room. It will help you remember. When you are back in the living room, you will suddenly think, "Oh, yes, I was thirsty and I wanted to drink something cold, and that's why I went to the refrigerator."

□

If you     (A)     what you're going to do, you'd better    (B)     where you were before.

(A)	(B)

① remember	.........	return to

② forget	.........	return to

③ remember	.........	talk about

④ forget	.........	talk about

⑤ plan	.........	pay attention to

22. Suppose you bite into an apple. When you choose one that is hard and green and bite it, you find it sour. You take another one that is also hard and green you find it sour, too. If someone gives you one that is hard and green, you will think it is sour before you bite it. Nothing is simpler than that. Through your own experience, you find that hardness and greenness in apples go together with a sour taste. It was so in the first case, and it was confirmed by the second. By generalizing the facts you came to know, you discover a general law that all the hard and green apples are sour. So when you are offered another hard and green apple, you will say, "All hard and green apples are sour. This apple is hard and green. So this apple is sour."

□

We can get a     (A)      through        (B)       .

(A)	(B)

① fixed idea	.........	some scientific experiments

② fixed idea	.........	our accumulated experience

③ fixed idea	.........	various information from others

④ flexible idea	.........	some scientific experiments

⑤ flexible idea	.........	our accumulated experience

23. Many years ago, I watched one of my friends cancel his subscription to an English language newspaper. He said although he knew reading the newspaper was good to improve his English, he thought it was a waste of money, since he could read only a small part of the newspaper each day with his limited English. His level of English today is the same as it was then. I know another man, however, who started reading only the cover page of the same newspaper, putting in a couple of hours every day. He gradually improved his reading ability through decades of an "uneconomical" subscription. He now subscribes to another major English newspaper and daily skims through both newspapers to pick out articles for a more thorough reading. He can read all the articles that interest him in less time than he spent reading one page before.

□

Don't be overly sensitive to what appears to be a   (A)

and just work as long as you see some     (B)     .

(A)	(B)

① waste	.........	benefit

② joke	.........	hope

③ mistake	.........	despair

④ gain	.........	defeat

⑤ loss	.........	horror

24. In his book "Journey to the East," Hermann Hesse described the explorers who were sent on a difficult mission by a certain order. A man named Leo cared for their every need as if he were a servant. As a result, the other members treated him like the lowest of the low. As the mission progressed, however, his adaptability and spirit proved invaluable. Leo's worth became more evident when their ship was wrecked and he was missing. Trying to proceed without him turned out impossible. Later, one of the explorers made his way back to headquarters where he'd been given the mission in the first place. Much to the explorer's amazement, it turned out that the leader of the headquarters was none other than Leo! Though assuming the role of a servant during the expedition, in reality he was their leader.

□

Real leadership has more to do with     (A)     than          (B)     .

(A)	(B)

① service	.........	status

② courage	.........	status

③ courage	.........	dignity

④ creativity	.........	dignity

⑤ service	.........	experience

25. It is true that there are biological differences between females and males that result in the females' voice having a slightly higher pitch. However, the biological difference is never so great as to produce the difference that is heard. Recent investigators have concluded that at least some of this difference is learned and constitutes a linguistic convention. The prescription that male voices should be low and female voices high is so strong, that any deviation from this expectation produces a powerful effect on other people's impressions of one's personality. Males with high-pitched voices may be treated as feminine and sensitive. Sometimes they are ridiculed behind their backs, because they don't "sound" manly. On the other hand, actresses with lower-pitched voices often fail to get a role in a romantic movie.

□

Males and females talk at different    (A)    because that is the requirement of their      (B)      .

(A)	(B)

① pitches	.........	job search

② pitches	.........	social roles

③ speeds	.........	physical growth

④ speeds	.........	social roles

⑤ volumes	.........	physical growth

26. Responding to bullying physically is not a long-term solution. It doesn't get to the root of the problem and is risky if the fighting gets out of hand. Schools try to prevent it by setting aside curriculum time to discuss moral issues, conflict resolution, personal responsibility and stress management. When bullying occurs, schools have a number of options, ranging from counselling to physical punishment. Students can try ignoring the bully if the bullying is mild. Being assertive and standing up to the bully is another effective option. This sends a clear message to the bully that you won't tolerate the unwelcome attention. A child could also tell their parents or teachers. If the bullying is serious, the help of law enforcement should be enlisted.

□

In response to bullying, schools have many options to         (A)   it, while children should       (B)      to cope

with it.

(A)	(B)

① promote	.........	be aggressive

② tackle	.........	be determined

③ handle	.........	rely on schools

④ support	.........	make all efforts

⑤ protect	.........	take the initiative

27. Moral relativism is the philosophical view that morality is relative and that different people hold different moral standards. Moral relativism can be divided into ethical subjectivism and cultural relativism. Ethical subjectivism holds that morality is relative to individuals, while cultural relativism says morality is relative to culture. Both say there cannot be moral absolutes that hold for all people in all places at all times. Under the view of moral relativism, no given act is generally good or bad. According to moral relativism, there is only goodness or badness within a specified context. That means there can never be an act that is good or bad in all situations.

□

Moral relativism is the view that there are no     (A)

ethical truths and that moral values are    (B)    to a given individual or society.

(A)	(B)

① objective	.........	relative

② relative	.........	objective

③ subjective	.........	objective

④ relative	.........	subjective

⑤ objective	.........	absolute

28. Affective forecasting, the making of predictions about one’s own emotional reaction to a future event, is a skill at which humans do not generally excel. Daniel Gilbert, a member of the social psychology department at Harvard University, has shown in his new research that humans are poor affective forecasters. In fact, their predictions about how future events will make them feel often turn out to be completely inaccurate. When considering how our future emotional state will be impacted by such occurrences as elections, sporting events, movies and big purchases, reports Gilbert, we tend to over- or underestimate the magnitude and strength of ourreactions. This means that what we anticipate will fill us with joy rarely does, while what we fear will emotionally devastate us typically causes less pain than we expected.

□

We often fail to accurately     (A)     the impact of a future event on our      (B)      .

(A)	(B)

① foretell	.........	emotional state

② explain	.........	logical thinking

③ influence	.........	physical power

④ conceal	.........	sensitive condition

⑤ enhance	.........	psychological effect

29. The timber wolf makes a vital contribution to the food chain. Like other large carnivores, it has an important role in the way populations of smaller animals are maintained. Even as a deer killer, it operates more helpfully than its rival predator, the human. While the human hunter often kills for sport and pride, regularly shooting the finest member of the deer herd, the wolf kills for food alone, picking off the weakest, the oldest and the sickliest. Thus, humans damage the quality of the herd, but the wolf preserves the health of the herd and keeps its numbers geared to sustaining the land. The result is good for the herd, good for the wolf, and good for the browsing area.

*timber wolf 얼룩 이리

□

The timber wolf    (A)     the population of its prey by killing them    (B)    , preserving the health of the herd.

(A)	(B)

① reduces	.........	randomly

② destroys	.........	brutally

③ balances	.........	selectively

④ maintains	.........	mercifully

⑤ doubles	.........	distinctively

30. When a human-like skull and an ape-like jawbone were found in Piltdown, England, it appeared that proof of an evolutionary step had been found. It seemed to fit the description of the missing link ─ a mixture of human and ape with the facial expression of a Homo Sapiens and a primitive jaw. But many scientists thought that it was likely the bones were accidentally found in the same place. When a second jaw and a second skull were discovered at a nearby location, many doubters changed their minds. It was not until the 1950s that researchers proved the bones were phony; they had been planted at the Piltdown site by a con artist. However, the person guilty of this trick has never been found.

*con artist 사기꾼

□

When the Piltdown bones were first found, many scientists were    (A)    , and finally the bones turned out to be        (B)      .

(A)	(B)

① doubtful	.........	scientific

② amazed	.........	real

③ skeptical	.........	fake

④ indifferent	.........	artificial

⑤ enthusiastic	.........	reliable